CHAPTER 1 BASIC MEASUREMENTS
Figure 1-1.Calibration laboratory structure
DC VOLTAGE MEASUREMENTS
Oscilloscope Method - 14193_18
Digital Multimeter Method - 14193_19
Differential Voltmeter Method
Multimeter Method - 14193_21
Multimeter Method - 14193_22
DIGITAL MULTIMETER METHOD - 14193_23
CURRENT PROBES
OSCILLOSCOPE METHOD - 14193_25
RESISTANCE MEASUREMENTS - 14193_26
MULTIMETER METHOD - 14193_27
RCL BRIDGES
CAPACITOR MEASUREMENTS
BRIDGE-TYPE MEASUREMENTS
REACTANCE-TYPE MEASUREMENTS
INDUCTANCE MEASUREMENT
HAY BRIDGE
Figure 1-14.Bridge circuits.
REACTANCE MEASURING EQUIPMENT
MEASUREMENT OF INDUCTANCE USING THE VTVM
SUMMARY - 14193_37
RANGE AND DEGREE OF ACCURACY
REFERENCES - 14193_39
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q16
CHAPTER 2 COMPONENT TESTING
SUBSTITUTION METHODS
ELECTRON TUBE TESTERS
Auxiliary Compartment
Program Cards
HIGH-POWER HF AMPLIFIER TUBE TESTS
Traveling-Wave Tube
Magnetron Tube Tests
TRANSISTOR TESTING - 14193_49
Transistor Testers
ELECTRODE RESISTANCE MEASUREMENTS
Electrostatic Discharge Sensitive (ESDS) Care
Table 2-1.Typical Measured Static Charges (in volts)
VERY SENSITIVE DEVICES
Figure 2-6.ESD wrist strap
DIODE TESTERS
DIODE CHARACTERISTIC GRAPHICAL DISPLAY
Reverse Voltage-Current Analysis
Figure 2-9B.Diode reverse current-voltage characteristics. HYSTERESIS CHARACTERISTIC
Zener Diode Test
SILICON-CONTROLLED RECTIFIERS (SCR)
UNIJUNCTION TRANSISTORS (UJTs)
JUNCTION FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTOR (JFET) TESTS
Figure 2-18.P-channel JFET equivalent circuit
MOSFET TESTING
Figure 2-21.MOSFET (depletion/enhancement type) equivalent circuit
MOSFET (Depletion/Enhancement Type) Test
INTEGRATED CIRCUIT (IC) TESTING
LOGIC CLIPS
LOGIC PROBES
LOGIC PULSERS
BATTERY MEASUREMENTS
DRY BATTERIES
RF ATTENUATORS AND RESISTIVE LOAD TESTS
FIXED RF ATTENUATORS
DECADE (STEP) ATTENUATORS
FIBER-OPTIC TESTING
OPTICAL TIME-DOMAIN REFLECTOMETER (OTDR)
HUNTRON TRACKER 2000 - 14193_79
Figure 2-33.Huntron Tracker 2000
Testing Components by Comparison
Troubleshooting Tips
SUMMARY - 14193_83
RF ATTENUATORS
FIBER-OPTIC CABLES
HUNTRON TRACKER 2000 - 14193_86
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q33. - 14193_87
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q33. - 14193_88
CHAPTER 3 QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENTS
Figure 3-2.Typical bridge circuit configuration
BRIDGE METHODS - 14193_91
BRIDGE METHODS - 14193_92
Wheatstone Bridge
Kelvin Bridge
VECTOR BRIDGES
Figure 3-5.Typical vector-bridge configuration (amplitude)
CONSTANT-CURRENT, IMPEDANCE-MEASURING TECHNIQUE
IMPEDANCE TESTING OF ANTENNAS AND TRANSMISSION LINES
POWER MEASUREMENTS
DECIBEL METERS
ELECTRODYNAMIC WATTMETER
Figure 3-12.Mechanical equivalent of the electrodynamic wattmeter
ELECTRONIC WATTMETER
ABSORPTION POWER METERS
In-Line Wattmeters
Bolometer - 14193_106
Bolometer Power Meter
Figure 3-17.Power meter
CALORIMETERS
Figure 3-18.Static calorimeter using low-frequency power substitution
Figure 3-20.Twin calorimetric system
Flow Calorimeters
Figure 3-23.Balanced-flow calorimeter
FREQUENCY MEASUREMENTS - 14193_114
Table 3-1.NBS Frequency Standards and Time Transmission
Table 3-2.NBS Radio Propagation Coding
Stroboscope Methods - 14193_117
Stroboscope Methods - 14193_118
AUDIO-FREQUENCY MEASUREMENTS
FREQUENCY COUNTER METHOD
RADIO-FREQUENCY (RF) MEASUREMENTS
Frequency Counters
Wavemeters
Figure 3-27.Typical cavity wavemeter
SUMMARY - 14193_125
ELECTRONIC FREQUENCY COUNTERS
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1 THROUGH Q20
CHAPTER 4 QUALITATIVE MEASUREMENTS
PROBES
RESISTANCE-CAPACITANCE BRIDGE
Figure 4-2B.Resistance-capacitance bridge circuit for measuring standing-wave ratio
Figure 4-2C.Resistance-capacitance bridge circuit for measuring standing-wave ratio
ACCURACY OF BRIDGE MEASUREMENTS
Figure 4-4.Typical setup for measuring swr.
ATTENUATION AND INSERTION LOSS MEASUREMENTS OF TRANSMISSION LINES
TRANSMISSION-LINE FORMULAS
Table 4-1.Dielectric Constants of Materials
INTERMODULATION DISTORTION MEASUREMENTS
SUMMARY - 14193_140
INSERTION LOSS MEASUREMENTS
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q8 - 14193_142
CHAPTER 5 INTRODUCTION TO WAVEFORM INTERPRETATION
MODULATION MEASUREMENTS
Figure 5-1.Antenna current increase with amplitude modulation
Figure 5-3.Rf amplitude percentage modulation wave envelope
Oscilloscope Measurement Methods
SINGLE-SIDEBAND MEASUREMENTS
Figure 5-6B.Examples of ideal two-tone test waveforms.
FREQUENCY MODULATION - 14193_150
SPECTRUM WAVEFORM ANALYSIS AND MEASUREMENTS
Figure 5-8B.Time versus frequencies
FREQUENCY-DOMAIN DISPLAY CAPABILITIES
Figure 5-10A.Spectrum analyzer stability measurements
Figure 5-10B.Spectrum analyzer stability measurements
Figure 5-12.Frequency-conversion characteristics
SPECTRUM ANALYZER APPLICATIONS
Figure 5-15A.Spectrum analyzer displays of AM signals
Figure 5-15C.Spectrum analyzer displays of AM signals.
Figure 5-16.Modulation percentage versus sideband levels
Frequency Modulation - 14193_161
PULSED WAVES
Rectangular Pulse
ANALYZING THE SPECTRUM PATTERN
SPECTRUM ANALYZER OPERATION
TIME-DOMAIN REFLECTOMETRY
Figure 5-25C.Time-domain reflectometer display of transmission line problems
Figure 5-25D.Time-domain reflectometer display of transmission line problems
SWEPT-FREQUENCY TESTING EQUIPMENT
Figure 5-29.Typical spectrum analyzer frequency-response display
TRACKING GENERATOR
SWEEPING ANTENNAS
Figure 5-32.Typical spectrum analyzer vswr display
SUMMARY - 14193_174
14193_175
SWEPT-FREQUENCY TESTING
REFERENCES - 14193_177
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - 14193_179
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - 14193_180
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - 14193_181
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - 14193_182
MODULE 21 INDEX - 14193_183
MODULE 21 INDEX - 14193_184
MODULE 21 INDEX - 14193_185
MODULE 21 INDEX - 14193_186
MODULE 21 INDEX - 14193_187
MODULE 21 INDEX - 14193_188
Assignment Questions - 14193_189
Assignment Questions - 14193_191
Assignment Questions - 14193_192
Assignment Questions - 14193_193
Assignment Questions - 14193_194
Assignment Questions - 14193_195
Assignment Questions - 14193_196
Assignment Questions - 14193_197
Assignment Questions - 14193_198
Assignment Questions - 14193_199
Assignment Questions - 14193_200
Assignment Questions - 14193_201
Assignment Questions - 14193_202
Assignment Questions - 14193_203
Assignment Questions - 14193_204
Assignment Questions - 14193_205
Assignment Questions - 14193_206
Assignment Questions - 14193_207
Assignment Questions - 14193_208
Assignment Questions - 14193_209
Assignment Questions - 14193_210
Assignment Questions - 14193_211
Assignment Questions - 14193_212
Assignment Questions - 14193_213
Assignment Questions - 14193_214
Assignment Questions - 14193_215
Assignment Questions - 14193_216
Figure 1-1.Calibration laboratory structure
DC VOLTAGE MEASUREMENTS
Oscilloscope Method - 14193_18
Digital Multimeter Method - 14193_19
Differential Voltmeter Method
Multimeter Method - 14193_21
Multimeter Method - 14193_22
DIGITAL MULTIMETER METHOD - 14193_23
CURRENT PROBES
OSCILLOSCOPE METHOD - 14193_25
RESISTANCE MEASUREMENTS - 14193_26
MULTIMETER METHOD - 14193_27
RCL BRIDGES
CAPACITOR MEASUREMENTS
BRIDGE-TYPE MEASUREMENTS
REACTANCE-TYPE MEASUREMENTS
INDUCTANCE MEASUREMENT
HAY BRIDGE
Figure 1-14.Bridge circuits.
REACTANCE MEASURING EQUIPMENT
MEASUREMENT OF INDUCTANCE USING THE VTVM
SUMMARY - 14193_37
RANGE AND DEGREE OF ACCURACY
REFERENCES - 14193_39
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q16
CHAPTER 2 COMPONENT TESTING
SUBSTITUTION METHODS
ELECTRON TUBE TESTERS
Auxiliary Compartment
Program Cards
HIGH-POWER HF AMPLIFIER TUBE TESTS
Traveling-Wave Tube
Magnetron Tube Tests
TRANSISTOR TESTING - 14193_49
Transistor Testers
ELECTRODE RESISTANCE MEASUREMENTS
Electrostatic Discharge Sensitive (ESDS) Care
Table 2-1.Typical Measured Static Charges (in volts)
VERY SENSITIVE DEVICES
Figure 2-6.ESD wrist strap
DIODE TESTERS
DIODE CHARACTERISTIC GRAPHICAL DISPLAY
Reverse Voltage-Current Analysis
Figure 2-9B.Diode reverse current-voltage characteristics. HYSTERESIS CHARACTERISTIC
Zener Diode Test
SILICON-CONTROLLED RECTIFIERS (SCR)
UNIJUNCTION TRANSISTORS (UJTs)
JUNCTION FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTOR (JFET) TESTS
Figure 2-18.P-channel JFET equivalent circuit
MOSFET TESTING
Figure 2-21.MOSFET (depletion/enhancement type) equivalent circuit
MOSFET (Depletion/Enhancement Type) Test
INTEGRATED CIRCUIT (IC) TESTING
LOGIC CLIPS
LOGIC PROBES
LOGIC PULSERS
BATTERY MEASUREMENTS
DRY BATTERIES
RF ATTENUATORS AND RESISTIVE LOAD TESTS
FIXED RF ATTENUATORS
DECADE (STEP) ATTENUATORS
FIBER-OPTIC TESTING
OPTICAL TIME-DOMAIN REFLECTOMETER (OTDR)
HUNTRON TRACKER 2000 - 14193_79
Figure 2-33.Huntron Tracker 2000
Testing Components by Comparison
Troubleshooting Tips
SUMMARY - 14193_83
RF ATTENUATORS
FIBER-OPTIC CABLES
HUNTRON TRACKER 2000 - 14193_86
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q33. - 14193_87
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q33. - 14193_88
CHAPTER 3 QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENTS
Figure 3-2.Typical bridge circuit configuration
BRIDGE METHODS - 14193_91
BRIDGE METHODS - 14193_92
Wheatstone Bridge
Kelvin Bridge
VECTOR BRIDGES
Figure 3-5.Typical vector-bridge configuration (amplitude)
CONSTANT-CURRENT, IMPEDANCE-MEASURING TECHNIQUE
IMPEDANCE TESTING OF ANTENNAS AND TRANSMISSION LINES
POWER MEASUREMENTS
DECIBEL METERS
ELECTRODYNAMIC WATTMETER
Figure 3-12.Mechanical equivalent of the electrodynamic wattmeter
ELECTRONIC WATTMETER
ABSORPTION POWER METERS
In-Line Wattmeters
Bolometer - 14193_106
Bolometer Power Meter
Figure 3-17.Power meter
CALORIMETERS
Figure 3-18.Static calorimeter using low-frequency power substitution
Figure 3-20.Twin calorimetric system
Flow Calorimeters
Figure 3-23.Balanced-flow calorimeter
FREQUENCY MEASUREMENTS - 14193_114
Table 3-1.NBS Frequency Standards and Time Transmission
Table 3-2.NBS Radio Propagation Coding
Stroboscope Methods - 14193_117
Stroboscope Methods - 14193_118
AUDIO-FREQUENCY MEASUREMENTS
FREQUENCY COUNTER METHOD
RADIO-FREQUENCY (RF) MEASUREMENTS
Frequency Counters
Wavemeters
Figure 3-27.Typical cavity wavemeter
SUMMARY - 14193_125
ELECTRONIC FREQUENCY COUNTERS
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1 THROUGH Q20
CHAPTER 4 QUALITATIVE MEASUREMENTS
PROBES
RESISTANCE-CAPACITANCE BRIDGE
Figure 4-2B.Resistance-capacitance bridge circuit for measuring standing-wave ratio
Figure 4-2C.Resistance-capacitance bridge circuit for measuring standing-wave ratio
ACCURACY OF BRIDGE MEASUREMENTS
Figure 4-4.Typical setup for measuring swr.
ATTENUATION AND INSERTION LOSS MEASUREMENTS OF TRANSMISSION LINES
TRANSMISSION-LINE FORMULAS
Table 4-1.Dielectric Constants of Materials
INTERMODULATION DISTORTION MEASUREMENTS
SUMMARY - 14193_140
INSERTION LOSS MEASUREMENTS
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q8 - 14193_142
CHAPTER 5 INTRODUCTION TO WAVEFORM INTERPRETATION
MODULATION MEASUREMENTS
Figure 5-1.Antenna current increase with amplitude modulation
Figure 5-3.Rf amplitude percentage modulation wave envelope
Oscilloscope Measurement Methods
SINGLE-SIDEBAND MEASUREMENTS
Figure 5-6B.Examples of ideal two-tone test waveforms.
FREQUENCY MODULATION - 14193_150
SPECTRUM WAVEFORM ANALYSIS AND MEASUREMENTS
Figure 5-8B.Time versus frequencies
FREQUENCY-DOMAIN DISPLAY CAPABILITIES
Figure 5-10A.Spectrum analyzer stability measurements
Figure 5-10B.Spectrum analyzer stability measurements
Figure 5-12.Frequency-conversion characteristics
SPECTRUM ANALYZER APPLICATIONS
Figure 5-15A.Spectrum analyzer displays of AM signals
Figure 5-15C.Spectrum analyzer displays of AM signals.
Figure 5-16.Modulation percentage versus sideband levels
Frequency Modulation - 14193_161
PULSED WAVES
Rectangular Pulse
ANALYZING THE SPECTRUM PATTERN
SPECTRUM ANALYZER OPERATION
TIME-DOMAIN REFLECTOMETRY
Figure 5-25C.Time-domain reflectometer display of transmission line problems
Figure 5-25D.Time-domain reflectometer display of transmission line problems
SWEPT-FREQUENCY TESTING EQUIPMENT
Figure 5-29.Typical spectrum analyzer frequency-response display
TRACKING GENERATOR
SWEEPING ANTENNAS
Figure 5-32.Typical spectrum analyzer vswr display
SUMMARY - 14193_174
14193_175
SWEPT-FREQUENCY TESTING
REFERENCES - 14193_177
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - 14193_179
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - 14193_180
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - 14193_181
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - 14193_182
MODULE 21 INDEX - 14193_183
MODULE 21 INDEX - 14193_184
MODULE 21 INDEX - 14193_185
MODULE 21 INDEX - 14193_186
MODULE 21 INDEX - 14193_187
MODULE 21 INDEX - 14193_188
Assignment Questions - 14193_189
Assignment Questions - 14193_191
Assignment Questions - 14193_192
Assignment Questions - 14193_193
Assignment Questions - 14193_194
Assignment Questions - 14193_195
Assignment Questions - 14193_196
Assignment Questions - 14193_197
Assignment Questions - 14193_198
Assignment Questions - 14193_199
Assignment Questions - 14193_200
Assignment Questions - 14193_201
Assignment Questions - 14193_202
Assignment Questions - 14193_203
Assignment Questions - 14193_204
Assignment Questions - 14193_205
Assignment Questions - 14193_206
Assignment Questions - 14193_207
Assignment Questions - 14193_208
Assignment Questions - 14193_209
Assignment Questions - 14193_210
Assignment Questions - 14193_211
Assignment Questions - 14193_212
Assignment Questions - 14193_213
Assignment Questions - 14193_214
Assignment Questions - 14193_215
Assignment Questions - 14193_216
