CHAPTER 1 SYNCHROS
SYNCHRO FUNDAMENTALS
Figure 1-1.Phantom view of a synchro
SYNCHRO CLASSIFICATION
Table 1-1.Synchro Information
Military Standard Synchro Code
Schematic Symbols
Figure 1-3B.Schematic symbols for synchros
SYNCHRO CONSTRUCTION
ROTOR CONSTRUCTION - 14187_22
14187_23
STATOR CONSTRUCTION
TORQUE
OPERATING TEMPERATURES AND SPEEDS
Figure 1-8.Operation of an electromagnet with a bar-magnet rotor
Figure 1-10A.Positioning of a bar magnet with three electromagnets
Figure 1-10D.Positioning of a bar magnet with three electromagnets.
Figure 1-11.Operation of an electromagnet with ac voltage
SYNCHRO TORQUE TRANSMITTER
Figure 1-13.Synchro transmitter
SYNCHRO TORQUE RECEIVER
TORQUE SYNCHRO SYSTEM
Figure 1-16.A simple synchro transmission system.
Receiver Rotation
TORQUE DIFFERENTIAL SYNCHRO SYSTEMS
Torque Differential Transmitter
Torque Differential Receiver
TX-TDX-TR System Operation (Subtraction)
Figure 1-20B.TX-TDX-TR system operation (subtraction)
Figure 1-20D.TX-TDX-TR system operation (subtraction)
TX-TDX-TR System Operation (Addition)
TX-TDR-TX System Operation (Subtraction)
TX-TDR-TX System Operation (Addition)
CONTROL TRANSFORMERS
CONTROL SYNCHRO SYSTEM OPERATION
Figure 1-26.CX-CT system operation with the CX rotor at 0 and the CT rotor at 90
Figure 1-27C.Control synchro system operation
Figure 1-28.A positioning servo system using a control synchro system
SYNCHRO CAPACITORS
Figure 1-30.The use of a synchro capacitor with a CT
Figure 1-32.Synchro current in a control synchro system using a CDX and a CT
MULTISPEED SYNCHRO SYSTEMS
DUAL-SPEED SYNCHRO SYSTEM
Figure 1-35.Cutaway view of a double receiver
TRI-SPEED SYNCHRO SYSTEM
ZEROING SYNCHROS
Zeroing Transmitters and Receivers (Voltmeter Method)
Figure 1-38A.Zeroing a transmitter or receiver by the voltmeter method
Zeroing Differential Synchros (Voltmeter Method)
Zeroing a Control Transformer (Voltmeter Method)
Figure 1-40B.Zeroing a control transformer by the voltmeter method
ELECTRICAL LOCK METHOD
Figure 1-42B.Synchro Testers
TROUBLESHOOTING SYNCHRO SYSTEMS
TROUBLE INDICATORS
Figure 1-45.Simple blown fuse indicator
Table 1-3.Open or Shorted Rotor
Table 1-4.Shorted Stator
Table 1-6.Wrong Stator Connections, Rotor Wiring Correct
VOLTAGE TESTING
SUMMARY - 14187_73
SUMMARY - 14187_74
SUMMARY - 14187_75
SUMMARY - 14187_76
SUMMARY - 14187_77
SUMMARY - 14187_78
SUMMARY - 14187_79
SUMMARY - 14187_80
SUMMARY - 14187_81
SUMMARY - 14187_82
SUMMARY - 14187_83
SUMMARY - 14187_84
SUMMARY - 14187_85
SUMMARY - 14187_86
SUMMARY - 14187_87
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q76. - 14187_88
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q76. - 14187_89
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q76. - 14187_90
CHAPTER 2 SERVOS
OPEN-LOOP CONTROL SYSTEM
OPERATION OF A BASIC SERVO SYSTEM
Figure 2-2B.A basic servo system (closed-loop)
FUNCTIONAL SERVO LOOPS
Figure 2-3B.Block diagram of a position servo
Figure 2-4B.Development of the error signal
Figure 2-5.Typical position servo.
Velocity Servo Loop
Figure 2-7.Block diagram of a velocity servo
SERVO CHARACTERISTICS
Figure 2-8.Degree of damping
Friction Clutch Damping
Error-Rate Damping
FREQUENCY RESPONSE
Bandpass Frequencies in a Servo system
SERVO COMPONENTS AND CIRCUITS
ERROR DETECTORS
Summing Networks
Figure 2-15.Crossed-E transformer
RATE GENERATOR (TACHOMETER)
Figure 2-16.Ac drag-cup rate generator.
MODULATORS IN THE SERVO SYSTEM
Figure 2-17.Crystal diode modulator.
DEMODULATORS IN THE SERVO SYSTEM
SERVO AMPLIFIERS
AC SERVO MOTORS
MAGNETIC AMPLIFIERS - 14187_118
Figure 2-20.Magnetic amplifier used to drive a servo motor
MULTI-LOOP SERVO SYSTEMS
SUMMARY - 14187_121
SUMMARY - 14187_122
SUMMARY - 14187_123
SUMMARY - 14187_124
SUMMARY - 14187_125
SUMMARY - 14187_126
SUMMARY - 14187_127
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q25
CHAPTER 3 GYROS
BASIC PROPERTIES OF GYROSCOPES
PRECESSION - 14187_131
BASIC GYRO ELEMENTS
RIGIDITY
Figure 3-6C.Gyro rotors with equal weight and unequal diameters
PRECESSION - 14187_135
Figure 3-7B.Gyro action
Figure 3-8.Force applied to a gyro
Figure 3-9.Determining spin vector direction
DEGREES OF FREEDOM
Effect of Rotation of the Earth
Figure 3-11B.Fixed direction in space. Gyro on equator viewed from space
Establishing and Maintaining a Fixed Position
Mercury Ballistic Erecting System
Figure 3-13.Rate gyro (single degree of freedom).
Figure 3-15.Precession of a spring restrained rate gyro
Figure 3-17.Torsion bar-restrained floated rate gyro
Figure 3-18.Rate gyro, cutaway view
THE BASIC ACCELEROMETER
E-TRANSFORMER ACCELEROMETER
PULSE-COUNTING ACCELEROMETER
SUMMARY - 14187_151
SUMMARY - 14187_152
SUMMARY - 14187_153
SUMMARY - 14187_154
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q23.
CHAPTER 4 RELATED DEVICES
Figure 4-2A.IC versus standard synchro connections
Figure 4-2D.IC versus standard synchro connections
STEP-TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
Figure 4-4A.Step-by-step motor in various positions. VOLTAGE APPLIED TO NUMBER 1 COILS ONLY
Figure 4-4C.Step-by-step motor in various positions. VOLTAGE APPLIED TO NUMBER 2 COILS ONLY
RESOLVERS
Figure 4-6.Resolver schematic
Figure 4-8.One example of composition
SUMMARY - 14187_166
SUMMARY - 14187_167
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q4
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - 14187_169
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - 14187_170
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - 14187_171
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - 14187_172
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - 14187_173
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - 14187_174
MODULE 15 INDEX - 14187_175
MODULE 15 INDEX - 14187_176
MODULE 15 INDEX - 14187_177
Assignment Questions - 14187_179
Assignment Questions - 14187_181
Assignment Questions - 14187_182
Assignment Questions - 14187_183
Assignment Questions - 14187_184
Assignment Questions - 14187_185
Assignment Questions - 14187_186
Assignment Questions - 14187_187
Assignment Questions - 14187_188
Assignment Questions - 14187_189
Assignment Questions - 14187_190
Assignment Questions - 14187_191
Assignment Questions - 14187_192
Assignment Questions - 14187_193
Assignment Questions - 14187_194
Assignment Questions - 14187_195
Assignment Questions - 14187_196
SYNCHRO FUNDAMENTALS
Figure 1-1.Phantom view of a synchro
SYNCHRO CLASSIFICATION
Table 1-1.Synchro Information
Military Standard Synchro Code
Schematic Symbols
Figure 1-3B.Schematic symbols for synchros
SYNCHRO CONSTRUCTION
ROTOR CONSTRUCTION - 14187_22
14187_23
STATOR CONSTRUCTION
TORQUE
OPERATING TEMPERATURES AND SPEEDS
Figure 1-8.Operation of an electromagnet with a bar-magnet rotor
Figure 1-10A.Positioning of a bar magnet with three electromagnets
Figure 1-10D.Positioning of a bar magnet with three electromagnets.
Figure 1-11.Operation of an electromagnet with ac voltage
SYNCHRO TORQUE TRANSMITTER
Figure 1-13.Synchro transmitter
SYNCHRO TORQUE RECEIVER
TORQUE SYNCHRO SYSTEM
Figure 1-16.A simple synchro transmission system.
Receiver Rotation
TORQUE DIFFERENTIAL SYNCHRO SYSTEMS
Torque Differential Transmitter
Torque Differential Receiver
TX-TDX-TR System Operation (Subtraction)
Figure 1-20B.TX-TDX-TR system operation (subtraction)
Figure 1-20D.TX-TDX-TR system operation (subtraction)
TX-TDX-TR System Operation (Addition)
TX-TDR-TX System Operation (Subtraction)
TX-TDR-TX System Operation (Addition)
CONTROL TRANSFORMERS
CONTROL SYNCHRO SYSTEM OPERATION
Figure 1-26.CX-CT system operation with the CX rotor at 0 and the CT rotor at 90
Figure 1-27C.Control synchro system operation
Figure 1-28.A positioning servo system using a control synchro system
SYNCHRO CAPACITORS
Figure 1-30.The use of a synchro capacitor with a CT
Figure 1-32.Synchro current in a control synchro system using a CDX and a CT
MULTISPEED SYNCHRO SYSTEMS
DUAL-SPEED SYNCHRO SYSTEM
Figure 1-35.Cutaway view of a double receiver
TRI-SPEED SYNCHRO SYSTEM
ZEROING SYNCHROS
Zeroing Transmitters and Receivers (Voltmeter Method)
Figure 1-38A.Zeroing a transmitter or receiver by the voltmeter method
Zeroing Differential Synchros (Voltmeter Method)
Zeroing a Control Transformer (Voltmeter Method)
Figure 1-40B.Zeroing a control transformer by the voltmeter method
ELECTRICAL LOCK METHOD
Figure 1-42B.Synchro Testers
TROUBLESHOOTING SYNCHRO SYSTEMS
TROUBLE INDICATORS
Figure 1-45.Simple blown fuse indicator
Table 1-3.Open or Shorted Rotor
Table 1-4.Shorted Stator
Table 1-6.Wrong Stator Connections, Rotor Wiring Correct
VOLTAGE TESTING
SUMMARY - 14187_73
SUMMARY - 14187_74
SUMMARY - 14187_75
SUMMARY - 14187_76
SUMMARY - 14187_77
SUMMARY - 14187_78
SUMMARY - 14187_79
SUMMARY - 14187_80
SUMMARY - 14187_81
SUMMARY - 14187_82
SUMMARY - 14187_83
SUMMARY - 14187_84
SUMMARY - 14187_85
SUMMARY - 14187_86
SUMMARY - 14187_87
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q76. - 14187_88
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q76. - 14187_89
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q76. - 14187_90
CHAPTER 2 SERVOS
OPEN-LOOP CONTROL SYSTEM
OPERATION OF A BASIC SERVO SYSTEM
Figure 2-2B.A basic servo system (closed-loop)
FUNCTIONAL SERVO LOOPS
Figure 2-3B.Block diagram of a position servo
Figure 2-4B.Development of the error signal
Figure 2-5.Typical position servo.
Velocity Servo Loop
Figure 2-7.Block diagram of a velocity servo
SERVO CHARACTERISTICS
Figure 2-8.Degree of damping
Friction Clutch Damping
Error-Rate Damping
FREQUENCY RESPONSE
Bandpass Frequencies in a Servo system
SERVO COMPONENTS AND CIRCUITS
ERROR DETECTORS
Summing Networks
Figure 2-15.Crossed-E transformer
RATE GENERATOR (TACHOMETER)
Figure 2-16.Ac drag-cup rate generator.
MODULATORS IN THE SERVO SYSTEM
Figure 2-17.Crystal diode modulator.
DEMODULATORS IN THE SERVO SYSTEM
SERVO AMPLIFIERS
AC SERVO MOTORS
MAGNETIC AMPLIFIERS - 14187_118
Figure 2-20.Magnetic amplifier used to drive a servo motor
MULTI-LOOP SERVO SYSTEMS
SUMMARY - 14187_121
SUMMARY - 14187_122
SUMMARY - 14187_123
SUMMARY - 14187_124
SUMMARY - 14187_125
SUMMARY - 14187_126
SUMMARY - 14187_127
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q25
CHAPTER 3 GYROS
BASIC PROPERTIES OF GYROSCOPES
PRECESSION - 14187_131
BASIC GYRO ELEMENTS
RIGIDITY
Figure 3-6C.Gyro rotors with equal weight and unequal diameters
PRECESSION - 14187_135
Figure 3-7B.Gyro action
Figure 3-8.Force applied to a gyro
Figure 3-9.Determining spin vector direction
DEGREES OF FREEDOM
Effect of Rotation of the Earth
Figure 3-11B.Fixed direction in space. Gyro on equator viewed from space
Establishing and Maintaining a Fixed Position
Mercury Ballistic Erecting System
Figure 3-13.Rate gyro (single degree of freedom).
Figure 3-15.Precession of a spring restrained rate gyro
Figure 3-17.Torsion bar-restrained floated rate gyro
Figure 3-18.Rate gyro, cutaway view
THE BASIC ACCELEROMETER
E-TRANSFORMER ACCELEROMETER
PULSE-COUNTING ACCELEROMETER
SUMMARY - 14187_151
SUMMARY - 14187_152
SUMMARY - 14187_153
SUMMARY - 14187_154
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q23.
CHAPTER 4 RELATED DEVICES
Figure 4-2A.IC versus standard synchro connections
Figure 4-2D.IC versus standard synchro connections
STEP-TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
Figure 4-4A.Step-by-step motor in various positions. VOLTAGE APPLIED TO NUMBER 1 COILS ONLY
Figure 4-4C.Step-by-step motor in various positions. VOLTAGE APPLIED TO NUMBER 2 COILS ONLY
RESOLVERS
Figure 4-6.Resolver schematic
Figure 4-8.One example of composition
SUMMARY - 14187_166
SUMMARY - 14187_167
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q4
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - 14187_169
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - 14187_170
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - 14187_171
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - 14187_172
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - 14187_173
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - 14187_174
MODULE 15 INDEX - 14187_175
MODULE 15 INDEX - 14187_176
MODULE 15 INDEX - 14187_177
Assignment Questions - 14187_179
Assignment Questions - 14187_181
Assignment Questions - 14187_182
Assignment Questions - 14187_183
Assignment Questions - 14187_184
Assignment Questions - 14187_185
Assignment Questions - 14187_186
Assignment Questions - 14187_187
Assignment Questions - 14187_188
Assignment Questions - 14187_189
Assignment Questions - 14187_190
Assignment Questions - 14187_191
Assignment Questions - 14187_192
Assignment Questions - 14187_193
Assignment Questions - 14187_194
Assignment Questions - 14187_195
Assignment Questions - 14187_196
