CHAPTER 1 AMPLITUDE MODULATION
SINE WAVE CHARACTERISTICS
GENERATION OF SINE WAVES
Vector Applied to Sine-Wave Generation
Vector Applied to Sine-Wave Generation - Continued
Figure 1-3.Generation of sine-wave voltage.
Amplitude
WAVELENGTH - 14184_20
Table 1-1.Radio frequency versus wavelength
HETERODYNING
LINEAR IMPEDANCE
Figure 1-4B.Circuit with one linear impedance.
Figure 1-5B.Circuit with two linear impedances.
Figure 1-6.Circuit with parallel linear impedances.
Figure 1-7C.Linear impedance circuit
NONLINEAR IMPEDANCE
COMBINED LINEAR AND NONLINEAR IMPEDANCES
AC APPLIED TO LINEAR AND NONLINEAR IMPEDANCES
Figure 1-11A.Circuit with nonlinear impedances.
TWO SINE WAVE GENERATORS IN LINEAR CIRCUITS
Figure 1-14A.Waveforms across two nonlinear impedances.
TWO SINE WAVE GENERATORS AND A COMBINATION OF LINEAR AND NONLINEAR IMPEDANCES
Figure 1-16.Sine-wave generators with a combination of impedances.
Figure 1-17D.Frequency relationships.
SPECTRUM ANALYSIS - 14184_37
AMPLITUDE-MODULATED SYSTEMS
Figure 1-20.International Morse code.
Figure 1-22A.Essential elements of ON-OFF keying.
Keying Methods
BLOCKED-GRID KEYING
KEYING RELAYS
Spectrum Analysis - 14184_44
Single-Stage Transmitters
Multistage Transmitters
MULTISTAGE HIGH-POWER TRANSMITTERS
HF AND VHF TRANSMITTERS
Microphones
Figure 1-33A.Carbon microphones. SINGLE-BUTTON CARBON MICROPHONE.
CRYSTAL MICROPHONE - 14184_51
DYNAMIC MICROPHONE
Figure 1-36.Magnetic microphone action.
AM TRANSMITTER PRINCIPLES
Figure 1-38.Radio-frequency spectrum.
BANDWIDTH OF AN AM WAVE
ANALYSIS OF AN AM WAVE
PERCENT OF MODULATION IN AN AM WAVE - Continued - 14184_58
PERCENT OF MODULATION IN AN AM WAVE - Continued - 14184_59
PERCENT OF MODULATION IN AN AM WAVE - Continued - 14184_60
PERCENT OF MODULATION IN AN AM WAVE - Continued - 14184_61
VECTOR ANALYSIS OF AN AM WAVE
Envelope Development from Vectors
Envelope Development from Vectors - Continued
Modulation Level of an AM Wave
MODULATION SYSTEMS
PLATE MODULATOR CIRCUIT OPERATION
Figure 1-46.Plate-modulator waveforms.
Collector-Injection Modulator
Figure 1-47.Collector-injection modulator.
Control-Grid Modulator
Base-Injection Modulator
Emitter-Injection Modulator
SUMMARY - 14184_74
FREQUENCY - 14184_75
CONTINUOUS-WAVE MODULATION
KEY-CLICK FILTERS
MULTISTAGE CW TRANSMITTERS
CRYSTAL MICROPHONE - 14184_79
MAGNETIC MICROPHONE
MODULATION ENVELOPE
HIGH-LEVEL MODULATION
COLLECTOR-INJECTION MODULATOR
BASE-INJECTION MODULATOR
EMITTER-INJECTION MODULATOR
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q46. - 14184_86
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q46. - 14184_87
CHAPTER 2 ANGLE AND PULSE MODULATION
ANGLE AND PULSE MODULATION
COMPARING FSK AND CW SIGNALS
Figure 2-2A.Comparison of AM and fm receiver response to an AM signal.
CW SIGNALS
FSK SIGNALS.
METHODS OF FREQUENCY SHIFTING
ADVANTAGES OF FSK OVER AM
Figure 2-5.Effect of frequency modulation on an rf carrier.
Figure 2-6.Oscillator circuit illustrating frequency modulation.
Figure 2-7B.Capacitance change in an oscillator circuit during modulation
PERCENT OF MODULATION
MODULATION INDEX - 14184_101
Table 2-1.Modulation index table
Figure 2-10.Frequency deviation versus bandwidth.
METHODS OF FREQUENCY MODULATION
Semiconductor Reactance Modulator
Figure 2-12.Reactance-semiconductor fm modulator.
Multivibrator Modulator - 14184_107
Varactor FM Modulator
Figure 2-15B.Varactor symbol and schematic. SIMPLIFIED CIRCUIT.
PHASE MODULATION
Figure 2-19.Carrier with and without modulation.
Modulation Index
Basic Modulator
Figure 2-22.Phase shifting a sine wave.
Phase-Shift Keying
Figure 2-25D.Phase-shift keying. MODULATED CARRIER AFTER FILTERING.
Figure 2-26D.Simulated phase-shift keying. DIGITAL MODULATION AFTER FILTERING.
PULSE MODULATION - 14184_118
Figure 2-28.Spectrum distribution when modulating with a square wave.
Figure 2-29D.Various square-wave modulation levels with frequency-spectrum carrier and sidebands.
Pulse Timing
Figure 2-31C.Varying pulse-modulating waves.
Figure 2-32C.Carrier frequency.
Figure 2-33.Pulse-repetition time (prt).
Power in a Pulse System
Applications of Pulse Modulation
RADAR MODULATION
Thyratron Modulator
COMMUNICATIONS PULSE MODULATORS
Figure 2-40.Pulse train.
Pulse-Amplitude Modulation
Pulse-Time Modulation
PULSE-DURATION MODULATION
PULSE-POSITION MODULATION
PULSE-FREQUENCY MODULATION
Pulse-Code Modulation - 14184_136
Figure 2-48A.Quantization levels. MODULATION.
Figure 2-49.Binary numbers and pulse-code equivalents.
Figure 2-51.Pulse-code modulation of a quantized wave (32 bits).
Figure 2-52.Block diagram of quantizer and pcm coder.
SUMMARY - 14184_141
FREQUENCY MODULATION - 14184_142
MODULATION INDEX - 14184_143
SEMICONDUCTOR-REACTANCE MODULATOR
MULTIVIBRATOR MODULATOR - 14184_145
BASIC PHASE MODULATOR
PULSE MODULATION - 14184_147
PULSE-REPETITION FREQUENCY (prf)
PULSE-AMPLITUDE MODULATION (pam)
PULSE-FREQUENCY MODULATION (pfm)
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q29. - 14184_151
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q29. - 14184_152
CHAPTER 3 DEMODULATION
CONTINUOUS-WAVE DEMODULATION
HETERODYNE DETECTION
Figure 3-3C.Heterodyne detection. MIXED-FREQUENCY SIGNAL.
REGENERATIVE DETECTOR
AM DEMODULATION
Series-Diode Detector
Shunt-Diode Detector
COMMON-EMITTER DETECTOR
COMMON-BASE DETECTOR - 14184_162
SLOPE DETECTION
FOSTER-SEELEY DISCRIMINATOR
CIRCUIT OPERATION AT RESONANCE
Disadvantages
RATIO DETECTOR
OPERATION ABOVE RESONANCE
OPERATION BELOW RESONANCE
Circuit Operation
Circuit Operation - Continued - 14184_171
Circuit Operation - Continued - 14184_172
PHASE DEMODULATION
PHASE DEMODULATION - Continued
PULSE DEMODULATION
LOW-PASS FILTER
CONVERSION
Pulse-Code Modulation - 14184_178
Figure 3-23.Pcm conversion.
SUMMARY - 14184_180
REGENERATIVE DETECTOR
SHUNT- (CURRENT-) DIODE DETECTOR
COMMON-BASE DETECTOR - 14184_183
GATED-BEAM DETECTOR
PEAK DETECTION
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q40. - Continued - 14184_186
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q40. - Continued - 14184_187
Appendix I Glossary - 14184_189
Appendix I - Continued - 14184_190
Appendix I - Continued - 14184_191
Appendix I - Continued - 14184_192
Appendix I - Continued - 14184_193
Appendix I - Continued - 14184_194
Appendix I - Continued - 14184_195
Index - 14184_197
Index - Continued - 14184_198
Assignment Questions - 14184_199
Assignment Questions - 14184_201
Assignment Questions - 14184_202
Assignment Questions - 14184_203
Assignment Questions - 14184_204
Assignment Questions - 14184_205
Assignment Questions - 14184_206
Assignment Questions - 14184_207
Assignment Questions - 14184_208
Assignment Questions - 14184_209
Assignment Questions - 14184_210
Assignment Questions - 14184_211
Assignment Questions - 14184_212
Assignment Questions - 14184_213
Assignment Questions - 14184_214
Assignment Questions - 14184_215
Assignment Questions - 14184_216
Assignment Questions - 14184_217
Assignment Questions - 14184_218
Assignment Questions - 14184_219
Assignment Questions - 14184_220
Assignment Questions - 14184_221
Assignment Questions - 14184_222
Assignment Questions - 14184_223
Assignment Questions - 14184_224
Assignment Questions - 14184_225
Assignment Questions - 14184_226
Assignment Questions - 14184_227
Assignment Questions - 14184_228
Assignment Questions - 14184_229
Assignment Questions - 14184_230
SINE WAVE CHARACTERISTICS
GENERATION OF SINE WAVES
Vector Applied to Sine-Wave Generation
Vector Applied to Sine-Wave Generation - Continued
Figure 1-3.Generation of sine-wave voltage.
Amplitude
WAVELENGTH - 14184_20
Table 1-1.Radio frequency versus wavelength
HETERODYNING
LINEAR IMPEDANCE
Figure 1-4B.Circuit with one linear impedance.
Figure 1-5B.Circuit with two linear impedances.
Figure 1-6.Circuit with parallel linear impedances.
Figure 1-7C.Linear impedance circuit
NONLINEAR IMPEDANCE
COMBINED LINEAR AND NONLINEAR IMPEDANCES
AC APPLIED TO LINEAR AND NONLINEAR IMPEDANCES
Figure 1-11A.Circuit with nonlinear impedances.
TWO SINE WAVE GENERATORS IN LINEAR CIRCUITS
Figure 1-14A.Waveforms across two nonlinear impedances.
TWO SINE WAVE GENERATORS AND A COMBINATION OF LINEAR AND NONLINEAR IMPEDANCES
Figure 1-16.Sine-wave generators with a combination of impedances.
Figure 1-17D.Frequency relationships.
SPECTRUM ANALYSIS - 14184_37
AMPLITUDE-MODULATED SYSTEMS
Figure 1-20.International Morse code.
Figure 1-22A.Essential elements of ON-OFF keying.
Keying Methods
BLOCKED-GRID KEYING
KEYING RELAYS
Spectrum Analysis - 14184_44
Single-Stage Transmitters
Multistage Transmitters
MULTISTAGE HIGH-POWER TRANSMITTERS
HF AND VHF TRANSMITTERS
Microphones
Figure 1-33A.Carbon microphones. SINGLE-BUTTON CARBON MICROPHONE.
CRYSTAL MICROPHONE - 14184_51
DYNAMIC MICROPHONE
Figure 1-36.Magnetic microphone action.
AM TRANSMITTER PRINCIPLES
Figure 1-38.Radio-frequency spectrum.
BANDWIDTH OF AN AM WAVE
ANALYSIS OF AN AM WAVE
PERCENT OF MODULATION IN AN AM WAVE - Continued - 14184_58
PERCENT OF MODULATION IN AN AM WAVE - Continued - 14184_59
PERCENT OF MODULATION IN AN AM WAVE - Continued - 14184_60
PERCENT OF MODULATION IN AN AM WAVE - Continued - 14184_61
VECTOR ANALYSIS OF AN AM WAVE
Envelope Development from Vectors
Envelope Development from Vectors - Continued
Modulation Level of an AM Wave
MODULATION SYSTEMS
PLATE MODULATOR CIRCUIT OPERATION
Figure 1-46.Plate-modulator waveforms.
Collector-Injection Modulator
Figure 1-47.Collector-injection modulator.
Control-Grid Modulator
Base-Injection Modulator
Emitter-Injection Modulator
SUMMARY - 14184_74
FREQUENCY - 14184_75
CONTINUOUS-WAVE MODULATION
KEY-CLICK FILTERS
MULTISTAGE CW TRANSMITTERS
CRYSTAL MICROPHONE - 14184_79
MAGNETIC MICROPHONE
MODULATION ENVELOPE
HIGH-LEVEL MODULATION
COLLECTOR-INJECTION MODULATOR
BASE-INJECTION MODULATOR
EMITTER-INJECTION MODULATOR
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q46. - 14184_86
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q46. - 14184_87
CHAPTER 2 ANGLE AND PULSE MODULATION
ANGLE AND PULSE MODULATION
COMPARING FSK AND CW SIGNALS
Figure 2-2A.Comparison of AM and fm receiver response to an AM signal.
CW SIGNALS
FSK SIGNALS.
METHODS OF FREQUENCY SHIFTING
ADVANTAGES OF FSK OVER AM
Figure 2-5.Effect of frequency modulation on an rf carrier.
Figure 2-6.Oscillator circuit illustrating frequency modulation.
Figure 2-7B.Capacitance change in an oscillator circuit during modulation
PERCENT OF MODULATION
MODULATION INDEX - 14184_101
Table 2-1.Modulation index table
Figure 2-10.Frequency deviation versus bandwidth.
METHODS OF FREQUENCY MODULATION
Semiconductor Reactance Modulator
Figure 2-12.Reactance-semiconductor fm modulator.
Multivibrator Modulator - 14184_107
Varactor FM Modulator
Figure 2-15B.Varactor symbol and schematic. SIMPLIFIED CIRCUIT.
PHASE MODULATION
Figure 2-19.Carrier with and without modulation.
Modulation Index
Basic Modulator
Figure 2-22.Phase shifting a sine wave.
Phase-Shift Keying
Figure 2-25D.Phase-shift keying. MODULATED CARRIER AFTER FILTERING.
Figure 2-26D.Simulated phase-shift keying. DIGITAL MODULATION AFTER FILTERING.
PULSE MODULATION - 14184_118
Figure 2-28.Spectrum distribution when modulating with a square wave.
Figure 2-29D.Various square-wave modulation levels with frequency-spectrum carrier and sidebands.
Pulse Timing
Figure 2-31C.Varying pulse-modulating waves.
Figure 2-32C.Carrier frequency.
Figure 2-33.Pulse-repetition time (prt).
Power in a Pulse System
Applications of Pulse Modulation
RADAR MODULATION
Thyratron Modulator
COMMUNICATIONS PULSE MODULATORS
Figure 2-40.Pulse train.
Pulse-Amplitude Modulation
Pulse-Time Modulation
PULSE-DURATION MODULATION
PULSE-POSITION MODULATION
PULSE-FREQUENCY MODULATION
Pulse-Code Modulation - 14184_136
Figure 2-48A.Quantization levels. MODULATION.
Figure 2-49.Binary numbers and pulse-code equivalents.
Figure 2-51.Pulse-code modulation of a quantized wave (32 bits).
Figure 2-52.Block diagram of quantizer and pcm coder.
SUMMARY - 14184_141
FREQUENCY MODULATION - 14184_142
MODULATION INDEX - 14184_143
SEMICONDUCTOR-REACTANCE MODULATOR
MULTIVIBRATOR MODULATOR - 14184_145
BASIC PHASE MODULATOR
PULSE MODULATION - 14184_147
PULSE-REPETITION FREQUENCY (prf)
PULSE-AMPLITUDE MODULATION (pam)
PULSE-FREQUENCY MODULATION (pfm)
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q29. - 14184_151
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q29. - 14184_152
CHAPTER 3 DEMODULATION
CONTINUOUS-WAVE DEMODULATION
HETERODYNE DETECTION
Figure 3-3C.Heterodyne detection. MIXED-FREQUENCY SIGNAL.
REGENERATIVE DETECTOR
AM DEMODULATION
Series-Diode Detector
Shunt-Diode Detector
COMMON-EMITTER DETECTOR
COMMON-BASE DETECTOR - 14184_162
SLOPE DETECTION
FOSTER-SEELEY DISCRIMINATOR
CIRCUIT OPERATION AT RESONANCE
Disadvantages
RATIO DETECTOR
OPERATION ABOVE RESONANCE
OPERATION BELOW RESONANCE
Circuit Operation
Circuit Operation - Continued - 14184_171
Circuit Operation - Continued - 14184_172
PHASE DEMODULATION
PHASE DEMODULATION - Continued
PULSE DEMODULATION
LOW-PASS FILTER
CONVERSION
Pulse-Code Modulation - 14184_178
Figure 3-23.Pcm conversion.
SUMMARY - 14184_180
REGENERATIVE DETECTOR
SHUNT- (CURRENT-) DIODE DETECTOR
COMMON-BASE DETECTOR - 14184_183
GATED-BEAM DETECTOR
PEAK DETECTION
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q40. - Continued - 14184_186
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q40. - Continued - 14184_187
Appendix I Glossary - 14184_189
Appendix I - Continued - 14184_190
Appendix I - Continued - 14184_191
Appendix I - Continued - 14184_192
Appendix I - Continued - 14184_193
Appendix I - Continued - 14184_194
Appendix I - Continued - 14184_195
Index - 14184_197
Index - Continued - 14184_198
Assignment Questions - 14184_199
Assignment Questions - 14184_201
Assignment Questions - 14184_202
Assignment Questions - 14184_203
Assignment Questions - 14184_204
Assignment Questions - 14184_205
Assignment Questions - 14184_206
Assignment Questions - 14184_207
Assignment Questions - 14184_208
Assignment Questions - 14184_209
Assignment Questions - 14184_210
Assignment Questions - 14184_211
Assignment Questions - 14184_212
Assignment Questions - 14184_213
Assignment Questions - 14184_214
Assignment Questions - 14184_215
Assignment Questions - 14184_216
Assignment Questions - 14184_217
Assignment Questions - 14184_218
Assignment Questions - 14184_219
Assignment Questions - 14184_220
Assignment Questions - 14184_221
Assignment Questions - 14184_222
Assignment Questions - 14184_223
Assignment Questions - 14184_224
Assignment Questions - 14184_225
Assignment Questions - 14184_226
Assignment Questions - 14184_227
Assignment Questions - 14184_228
Assignment Questions - 14184_229
Assignment Questions - 14184_230
