CHAPTER 1 WAVE PROPAGATION
PRINCIPLES OF WAVE MOTION
WAVE MOTION IN WATER
Figure 1-1.Formation of waves in water
TRANSVERSE WAVES
MEDIUM
TERMS USED IN WAVE MOTION
Cycle
CHARACTERISTICS OF WAVE MOTION
Figure 1-8.Longitudinal wave represented graphically by a transverse wave
CHARACTERISTICS OF WAVE MOTION-Cont. - 14182_23
CHARACTERISTICS OF WAVE MOTION-Cont. - 14182_24
Reflection
Refraction - 14182_26
Figure 1-10.Refraction of a wave
Diffraction - 14182_28
SOUND WAVES
REQUIREMENTS FOR SOUND
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOUND
The Intensity of Sound
Sound Quality
ELASTICITY AND DENSITY AND VELOCITY OF TRANSMISSION
ACOUSTICS
Interference
PROPAGATION OF LIGHT
ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY OF LIGHT
FREQUENCIES AND COLOR
PROPERTIES OF LIGHT
Figure 1-20.Transparent, translucent, and opaque substances
Reflection of Light
Diffusion of Light
COMPARISON OF LIGHT WAVES WITH SOUND WAVES
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
THE BASIC ANTENNA
COMPONENTS OF THE ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE
Electric Field
Figure 1-26.Electric fields between plates at different angles
Magnetic Field
Figure 1-28.Magnetic fields around elements
Combined Electric and Magnetic Fields
SUMMARY - 14182_53
LONGITUDINAL WAVE
LAW OF REFLECTION
DOPPLER EFFECT
PRIMARY COLORS
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q48 - 14182_58
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q48 - 14182_59
CHAPTER 2 RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION
ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS
Figure 2-2.Phase relationship of induction field components
RADIATION FIELDS
Figure 2-3.Radiation from an antenna
RADIO WAVES
Table 2-1.Radio Frequency Bands
WAVELENGTH-TO-FREQUENCY CONVERSIONS
WAVELENGTH-TO-FREQUENCY CONVERSIONS-Cont.
POLARIZATION - 14182_70
ATMOSPHERIC PROPAGATION
Refraction - 14182_72
Diffraction - 14182_73
THE EFFECT OF THE EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE ON RADIO WAVES
RADIO WAVE TRANSMISSION
SURFACE WAVE
SPACE WAVE
STRUCTURE OF THE IONOSPHERE
Four Distinct Layers
REFRACTION IN THE IONOSPHERE
Density of Layer
Angle of Incidence
Figure 2-18.Effects of frequency on the critical angle
Skip Distance/Skip Zone
ABSORPTION IN THE IONOSPHERE
FADING
TRANSMISSION LOSSES
Ground Reflection Loss
Control of EMI
ELEVEN-YEAR SUN SPOT CYCLE
SPORADIC E
FREQUENCY SELECTION CONSIDERATIONS
Optimum Working Frequency
WEATHER VERSUS PROPAGATION
TEMPERATURE INVERSION
TROPOSPHERIC PROPAGATION
TROPOSPHERIC SCATTERING
SUMMARY - 14182_98
VERTICALLY POLARIZED
TROPOSPHERE
SKY WAVES
CRITICAL FREQUENCY
SKIP ZONE
MULTIPATH FADING
OPTIMUM WORKING FREQUENCY (fot)
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q48 - 14182_106
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q48 - 14182_107
CHAPTER 3 PRINCIPLES OF TRANSMISSION LINES
TERMINOLOGY
Two-Wire Open Line
Shielded Pair - 14182_112
Figure 3-6.Air coaxial line.
Waveguides
LOSSES IN TRANSMISSION LINES
Dielectric Losses
LENGTH OF A TRANSMISSION LINE-Cont.
TRANSMISSION LINE THEORY
DISTRIBUTED CONSTANTS
Capacitance of a Transmission Line
ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS ABOUT A TRANSMISSION LINE
CHARACTERISTIC IMPEDANCE OF A TRANSMISSION LINE
Characteristic Impedance and the Infinite Line
Characteristic Impedance and the Infinite Line-Cont.
Figure 3-17.Termination of a line.
VOLTAGE CHANGE ALONG A TRANSMISSION LINE
Ac Applied to a Transmission Line
Dc Applied to an Infinite Line
Ac Applied to an Infinite Line
Figure 3-21.Ac applied to an equivalent transmission line.
Figure 3-22.Instantaneous voltages along a transmission line
VELOCITY OF WAVE PROPAGATION
Figure 3-23.Dc applied to an equivalent transmission line
DETERMINING CHARACTERISTIC IMPEDANCE
DETERMINING CHARACTERISTIC IMPEDANCE-Cont.
REFLECTION OF DC VOLTAGE FROM AN OPEN CIRCUIT
Figure 3-24.Reflection from an open-ended line.
REFLECTION OF DC VOLTAGE FROM A SHORT CIRCUIT
Figure 3-25.Reflection from a short-circuited line
REFLECTION OF AC VOLTAGE FROM AN OPEN CIRCUIT
REFLECTION OF AC VOLTAGE FROM AN OPEN CIRCUIT-Cont.
Figure 3-27.Instantaneous values of incident and reflected waves on an open-ended line
Figure 3-28.Conventional picture of standing waves
Figure 3-29.Composite results of instantaneous waves
REFLECTION OF AC VOLTAGE FROM A SHORT CIRCUIT
TERMINATING A TRANSMISSION LINE
Figure 3-31.Sending-end impedance of various lengths and terminations
Impedance for Various Lengths of Open Lines
Figure 3-32.Voltage, current, and impedance on open line
Impedance of Various Lengths of Shorted Lines
STANDING WAVES ON A TRANSMISSION LINE
TERMINATION IN AN OPEN CIRCUIT
TERMINATION IN INDUCTANCE
TERMINATION IN A RESISTANCE LESS THAN Z0
Voltage Standing-Wave Ratio
SUMMARY - 14182_156
SHIELDED PAIR - 14182_157
COPPER LOSSES
LEAKAGE CURRENT
CHARACTERISTIC IMPEDANCE, Z
SHORT-CIRCUITED
NONRESONANT
TERMINATIONS
STANDING WAVE RATIO
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q30 - 14182_165
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q30 - 14182_166
CHAPTER 4 ANTENNAS
PRINCIPLES OF ANTENNA RADIATION
Figure 4-2.Typical antenna system
CURRENT AND VOLTAGE DISTRIBUTION ON AN ANTENNA
Figure 4-4.Current and voltage distribution on an antenna
RADIATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY
Figure 4-6.Standing waves of voltage and current on an antenna
ANTENNA CHARACTERISTICS
POLARIZATION - 14182_175
Polarization Requirements for Various Frequencies
Advantages of Vertical Polarization
RADIATION RESISTANCE - 14182_178
Isotropic Radiation
Rectangular-Coordinate Pattern
Anisotropic Radiation
Figure 4-11.Anisotropic radiator
ANTENNA LOADING - 14182_183
BASIC ANTENNAS
Radiation Patterns
RADIATION PATTERN OF A DIPOLE
Methods of Feeding Energy to an Antenna
Characteristics of Quarter-Wave Antennas
Figure 4-19.Groundscreen and counterpoise
FOLDED DIPOLE - 14182_190
ARRAY ANTENNAS
PHASING
Stub Phasing
DIRECTIVITY
DIRECTIONAL ARRAYS
RADIATION PATTERN
Broadside Arrays
GAIN AND DIRECTIVITY - 14182_198
End-Fire Arrays
Figure 4-29.Parallel elements 180 degrees out of phase
Parasitic Arrays
OPERATION
Figure 4-31.Patterns obtained using a reflector with proper spacing
GAIN AND DIRECTIVITY - 14182_204
YAGI ANTENNAS
SPECIAL ANTENNAS
LONG-WIRE ANTENNA
RHOMBIC ANTENNA
Advantages - 14182_209
Disadvantages
TURNSTILE ANTENNA - 14182_211
GROUND-PLANE ANTENNA
RF SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
Figure 4-43.Examples of rf radiation warning signs
PRECAUTIONS WHEN WORKING ALOFT
RADIATION RESISTANCE - 14182_216
ANISOTROPIC RADIATOR
ANTENNA LOADING - 14182_218
QUARTER-WAVE ANTENNA (Marconi)
FOLDED DIPOLE - 14182_220
END-FIRE ARRAY
PARASITIC ARRAY
BEVERAGE ANTENNAS
TURNSTILE ANTENNA - 14182_224
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q48 - 14182_225
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q48 - 14182_226
GLOSSARY - 14182_227
GLOSSARY - 14182_228
GLOSSARY - 14182_229
GLOSSARY - 14182_230
GLOSSARY - 14182_231
GLOSSARY - 14182_232
GLOSSARY - 14182_233
GLOSSARY - 14182_234
GLOSSARY - 14182_235
GLOSSARY - 14182_236
GLOSSARY - 14182_237
MODULE 10 INDEX
MODULE 10 INDEX - 14182_240
MODULE 10 INDEX - 14182_241
Assignment Questions - 14182_243
Assignment Questions - 14182_245
Assignment Questions - 14182_246
Assignment Questions - 14182_247
Assignment Questions - 14182_248
Assignment Questions - 14182_249
Assignment Questions - 14182_250
Assignment Questions - 14182_251
Assignment Questions - 14182_252
Assignment Questions - 14182_253
Assignment Questions - 14182_254
Assignment Questions - 14182_255
Assignment Questions - 14182_256
Assignment Questions - 14182_257
Assignment Questions - 14182_258
Assignment Questions - 14182_259
Assignment Questions - 14182_260
Assignment Questions - 14182_261
Assignment Questions - 14182_262
Assignment Questions - 14182_263
Assignment Questions - 14182_264
Assignment Questions - 14182_265
Assignment Questions - 14182_266
Assignment Questions - 14182_267
Assignment Questions - 14182_268
Assignment Questions - 14182_269
Assignment Questions - 14182_270
Assignment Questions - 14182_271
Assignment Questions - 14182_272
Assignment Questions - 14182_273
Assignment Questions - 14182_274
Assignment Questions - 14182_275
PRINCIPLES OF WAVE MOTION
WAVE MOTION IN WATER
Figure 1-1.Formation of waves in water
TRANSVERSE WAVES
MEDIUM
TERMS USED IN WAVE MOTION
Cycle
CHARACTERISTICS OF WAVE MOTION
Figure 1-8.Longitudinal wave represented graphically by a transverse wave
CHARACTERISTICS OF WAVE MOTION-Cont. - 14182_23
CHARACTERISTICS OF WAVE MOTION-Cont. - 14182_24
Reflection
Refraction - 14182_26
Figure 1-10.Refraction of a wave
Diffraction - 14182_28
SOUND WAVES
REQUIREMENTS FOR SOUND
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOUND
The Intensity of Sound
Sound Quality
ELASTICITY AND DENSITY AND VELOCITY OF TRANSMISSION
ACOUSTICS
Interference
PROPAGATION OF LIGHT
ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY OF LIGHT
FREQUENCIES AND COLOR
PROPERTIES OF LIGHT
Figure 1-20.Transparent, translucent, and opaque substances
Reflection of Light
Diffusion of Light
COMPARISON OF LIGHT WAVES WITH SOUND WAVES
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
THE BASIC ANTENNA
COMPONENTS OF THE ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE
Electric Field
Figure 1-26.Electric fields between plates at different angles
Magnetic Field
Figure 1-28.Magnetic fields around elements
Combined Electric and Magnetic Fields
SUMMARY - 14182_53
LONGITUDINAL WAVE
LAW OF REFLECTION
DOPPLER EFFECT
PRIMARY COLORS
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q48 - 14182_58
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q48 - 14182_59
CHAPTER 2 RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION
ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS
Figure 2-2.Phase relationship of induction field components
RADIATION FIELDS
Figure 2-3.Radiation from an antenna
RADIO WAVES
Table 2-1.Radio Frequency Bands
WAVELENGTH-TO-FREQUENCY CONVERSIONS
WAVELENGTH-TO-FREQUENCY CONVERSIONS-Cont.
POLARIZATION - 14182_70
ATMOSPHERIC PROPAGATION
Refraction - 14182_72
Diffraction - 14182_73
THE EFFECT OF THE EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE ON RADIO WAVES
RADIO WAVE TRANSMISSION
SURFACE WAVE
SPACE WAVE
STRUCTURE OF THE IONOSPHERE
Four Distinct Layers
REFRACTION IN THE IONOSPHERE
Density of Layer
Angle of Incidence
Figure 2-18.Effects of frequency on the critical angle
Skip Distance/Skip Zone
ABSORPTION IN THE IONOSPHERE
FADING
TRANSMISSION LOSSES
Ground Reflection Loss
Control of EMI
ELEVEN-YEAR SUN SPOT CYCLE
SPORADIC E
FREQUENCY SELECTION CONSIDERATIONS
Optimum Working Frequency
WEATHER VERSUS PROPAGATION
TEMPERATURE INVERSION
TROPOSPHERIC PROPAGATION
TROPOSPHERIC SCATTERING
SUMMARY - 14182_98
VERTICALLY POLARIZED
TROPOSPHERE
SKY WAVES
CRITICAL FREQUENCY
SKIP ZONE
MULTIPATH FADING
OPTIMUM WORKING FREQUENCY (fot)
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q48 - 14182_106
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q48 - 14182_107
CHAPTER 3 PRINCIPLES OF TRANSMISSION LINES
TERMINOLOGY
Two-Wire Open Line
Shielded Pair - 14182_112
Figure 3-6.Air coaxial line.
Waveguides
LOSSES IN TRANSMISSION LINES
Dielectric Losses
LENGTH OF A TRANSMISSION LINE-Cont.
TRANSMISSION LINE THEORY
DISTRIBUTED CONSTANTS
Capacitance of a Transmission Line
ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS ABOUT A TRANSMISSION LINE
CHARACTERISTIC IMPEDANCE OF A TRANSMISSION LINE
Characteristic Impedance and the Infinite Line
Characteristic Impedance and the Infinite Line-Cont.
Figure 3-17.Termination of a line.
VOLTAGE CHANGE ALONG A TRANSMISSION LINE
Ac Applied to a Transmission Line
Dc Applied to an Infinite Line
Ac Applied to an Infinite Line
Figure 3-21.Ac applied to an equivalent transmission line.
Figure 3-22.Instantaneous voltages along a transmission line
VELOCITY OF WAVE PROPAGATION
Figure 3-23.Dc applied to an equivalent transmission line
DETERMINING CHARACTERISTIC IMPEDANCE
DETERMINING CHARACTERISTIC IMPEDANCE-Cont.
REFLECTION OF DC VOLTAGE FROM AN OPEN CIRCUIT
Figure 3-24.Reflection from an open-ended line.
REFLECTION OF DC VOLTAGE FROM A SHORT CIRCUIT
Figure 3-25.Reflection from a short-circuited line
REFLECTION OF AC VOLTAGE FROM AN OPEN CIRCUIT
REFLECTION OF AC VOLTAGE FROM AN OPEN CIRCUIT-Cont.
Figure 3-27.Instantaneous values of incident and reflected waves on an open-ended line
Figure 3-28.Conventional picture of standing waves
Figure 3-29.Composite results of instantaneous waves
REFLECTION OF AC VOLTAGE FROM A SHORT CIRCUIT
TERMINATING A TRANSMISSION LINE
Figure 3-31.Sending-end impedance of various lengths and terminations
Impedance for Various Lengths of Open Lines
Figure 3-32.Voltage, current, and impedance on open line
Impedance of Various Lengths of Shorted Lines
STANDING WAVES ON A TRANSMISSION LINE
TERMINATION IN AN OPEN CIRCUIT
TERMINATION IN INDUCTANCE
TERMINATION IN A RESISTANCE LESS THAN Z0
Voltage Standing-Wave Ratio
SUMMARY - 14182_156
SHIELDED PAIR - 14182_157
COPPER LOSSES
LEAKAGE CURRENT
CHARACTERISTIC IMPEDANCE, Z
SHORT-CIRCUITED
NONRESONANT
TERMINATIONS
STANDING WAVE RATIO
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q30 - 14182_165
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q30 - 14182_166
CHAPTER 4 ANTENNAS
PRINCIPLES OF ANTENNA RADIATION
Figure 4-2.Typical antenna system
CURRENT AND VOLTAGE DISTRIBUTION ON AN ANTENNA
Figure 4-4.Current and voltage distribution on an antenna
RADIATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY
Figure 4-6.Standing waves of voltage and current on an antenna
ANTENNA CHARACTERISTICS
POLARIZATION - 14182_175
Polarization Requirements for Various Frequencies
Advantages of Vertical Polarization
RADIATION RESISTANCE - 14182_178
Isotropic Radiation
Rectangular-Coordinate Pattern
Anisotropic Radiation
Figure 4-11.Anisotropic radiator
ANTENNA LOADING - 14182_183
BASIC ANTENNAS
Radiation Patterns
RADIATION PATTERN OF A DIPOLE
Methods of Feeding Energy to an Antenna
Characteristics of Quarter-Wave Antennas
Figure 4-19.Groundscreen and counterpoise
FOLDED DIPOLE - 14182_190
ARRAY ANTENNAS
PHASING
Stub Phasing
DIRECTIVITY
DIRECTIONAL ARRAYS
RADIATION PATTERN
Broadside Arrays
GAIN AND DIRECTIVITY - 14182_198
End-Fire Arrays
Figure 4-29.Parallel elements 180 degrees out of phase
Parasitic Arrays
OPERATION
Figure 4-31.Patterns obtained using a reflector with proper spacing
GAIN AND DIRECTIVITY - 14182_204
YAGI ANTENNAS
SPECIAL ANTENNAS
LONG-WIRE ANTENNA
RHOMBIC ANTENNA
Advantages - 14182_209
Disadvantages
TURNSTILE ANTENNA - 14182_211
GROUND-PLANE ANTENNA
RF SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
Figure 4-43.Examples of rf radiation warning signs
PRECAUTIONS WHEN WORKING ALOFT
RADIATION RESISTANCE - 14182_216
ANISOTROPIC RADIATOR
ANTENNA LOADING - 14182_218
QUARTER-WAVE ANTENNA (Marconi)
FOLDED DIPOLE - 14182_220
END-FIRE ARRAY
PARASITIC ARRAY
BEVERAGE ANTENNAS
TURNSTILE ANTENNA - 14182_224
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q48 - 14182_225
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q48 - 14182_226
GLOSSARY - 14182_227
GLOSSARY - 14182_228
GLOSSARY - 14182_229
GLOSSARY - 14182_230
GLOSSARY - 14182_231
GLOSSARY - 14182_232
GLOSSARY - 14182_233
GLOSSARY - 14182_234
GLOSSARY - 14182_235
GLOSSARY - 14182_236
GLOSSARY - 14182_237
MODULE 10 INDEX
MODULE 10 INDEX - 14182_240
MODULE 10 INDEX - 14182_241
Assignment Questions - 14182_243
Assignment Questions - 14182_245
Assignment Questions - 14182_246
Assignment Questions - 14182_247
Assignment Questions - 14182_248
Assignment Questions - 14182_249
Assignment Questions - 14182_250
Assignment Questions - 14182_251
Assignment Questions - 14182_252
Assignment Questions - 14182_253
Assignment Questions - 14182_254
Assignment Questions - 14182_255
Assignment Questions - 14182_256
Assignment Questions - 14182_257
Assignment Questions - 14182_258
Assignment Questions - 14182_259
Assignment Questions - 14182_260
Assignment Questions - 14182_261
Assignment Questions - 14182_262
Assignment Questions - 14182_263
Assignment Questions - 14182_264
Assignment Questions - 14182_265
Assignment Questions - 14182_266
Assignment Questions - 14182_267
Assignment Questions - 14182_268
Assignment Questions - 14182_269
Assignment Questions - 14182_270
Assignment Questions - 14182_271
Assignment Questions - 14182_272
Assignment Questions - 14182_273
Assignment Questions - 14182_274
Assignment Questions - 14182_275
