CHAPTER 1 TUNED CIRCUITS
Figure 1-1B.Basic tuned circuits. PARALLEL TUNED CIRCUIT
REVIEW OF SERIES/PARALLEL A.C. CIRCUITS
Effect of Frequency on Capacitive Reactance
Effect of Frequency on Resistance
RESONANCE - 14181_18
Figure 1-4.Practice tank circuit.
RESONANT FREQUENCY-Cont.
RESONANT CIRCUITS
THE IDEAL SERIES-RESONANT CIRCUIT
WARNING - 14181_23
How the Ideal Series-LC Circuit Respond to a Frequency Below Resonance (100 kHz)
How the Ideal Series-LC Circuit Responds to a Frequency Above Resonance (300 kHz)
How the Typical Series-LC Circuit Differs From the Ideal
Figure 1-7.Curves of impedance and current in an RLC series resonant circuit
How the Parallel-LC Circuit Stores Energy
Figure 1-8D.Capacitor and inductor action in a tank circuit
Figure 1-8F.Capacitor and inductor action in a tank circuit.
Figure 1-8I.Capacitor and inductor action in a tank circuit
PARALLEL RESONANCE
The Characteristics of a Typical Parallel-Resonant Circuit
Tuning a Band of Frequencies
RESONANT CIRCUITS AS FILTER CIRCUITS
Q Is a Ratio
Q Relationships in Series Circuits
Table 1-1.Major Characteristics of Series RLC Circuits at Resonance
Q Relationships in a Parallel-Resonant Circuit
Summary of Q
BANDWIDTH - 14181_41
BANDWIDTH-Cont.
FILTERS
Figure 1-13.Effect of frequency on capacitive and inductive reactance
Figure 1-14.Reaction to circuit by change in frequency
LOW-PASS FILTER - 14181_46
Figure 1-16A.Components of a simple low-pass filter
HIGH-PASS FILTER - 14181_48
RESONANT CIRCUITS AS FILTERS
Figure 1-20A.Components of a simple bandpass filter
Band-Reject Filter - 14181_51
Figure 1-22C.Components of a simple band-reject filter
MULTISECTION FILTERS
Figure 1-23B.Formation of a T-type filter
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
EFFECT OF FREQUENCY
RESULTANT REACTANCE
PARALLEL-LC CIRCUIT
BANDWIDTH - 14181_59
LOW-PASS FILTER - 14181_60
HIGH-PASS FILTER - 14181_61
BAND-REJECT FILTER - 14181_62
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q21 - 14181_63
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q21 - 14181_64
CHAPTER 2 OSCILLATORS
THE BASIC OSCILLATOR
SINE-WAVE OSCILLATOR
Figure 2-2B.RC oscillator. VECTOR ANALYSIS
LC Network
Crystals
Figure 2-6B.Crystal symbol and equivalent circuits. EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
SOLID-STATE LC OSCILLATORS
TYPES OF FEEDBACK
COMMON-COLLECTOR CONFIGURATION
OSCILLATOR CIRCUITS
FREQUENCY STABILITY - 14181_76
ARMSTRONG OSCILLATOR - 14181_77
Figure 2-10D.Basic Armstrong oscillator circuit. OSCILLATOR
ARMSTRONG OSCILLATOR - 14181_79
Figure 2-11.Tuned-base Armstrong oscillator.
HARTLEY OSCILLATOR
Shunt-Fed Hartley Oscillator
COLPITTS OSCILLATOR
Figure 2-15.Colpitts oscillator.
RESISTIVE-CAPACITIVE (RC) FEEDBACK OSCILLATOR
Phase-Shift Oscillators
Figure 2-18B.Three-section, phase-shifting RC network. PHASE-SHIFT NETWORK C2 AND R2
CRYSTAL OSCILLATORS - 14181_88
Crystals as Tuned Circuits
Crystal-Controlled Armstrong Oscillator
Crystal-Controlled Pierce Oscillator
PULSED OSCILLATORS
Frequency of a Pulsed Oscillator
HARMONICS
FREQUENCY MULTIPLICATION - 14181_95
Buffer Amplifier
SUMMARY - 14181_97
OSCILLATOR
ARMSTRONG OSCILLATOR
CRYSTAL OSCILLATORS - 14181_100
BUFFER AMPLIFIER
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q23
CHAPTER 3 WAVEFORMS AND WAVE GENERATORS
Square Wave
Figure 3-2.Square wave
Sawtooth Wave
Trapezoidal Wave - 14181_107
Astable Multivibrator
Figure 3-4.Astable multivibrator (Q1 saturated)
Figure 3-5.Astable multivibrator
FREQUENCY STABILITY - 14181_111
Monostable Multivibrator
Figure 3-11.Monostable multivibrator schematic.
Figure 3-13.Monostable multivibrator (triggered)
Figure 3-14.Waveforms of a monostable multivibrator (triggered)
Figure 3-15B.Monostable miltivibrator and waveshapes. Waveshapes
Bistable Multivibrator
Figure 3-17B.Bistable multivibrator and waveforms
Figure 3-18.Basic flip-flop
Figure 3-20.Flip-flop (Q1 voltage divider)
Figure 3-21.Flip-flop (Q2 voltage divider)
Figure 3-24.Flip-flop (original state)
Figure 3-26.Flip-flop (CLEAR state)
Figure 3-27.Flip-flop with trigger pulse on SET and inputs
BLOCKING OSCILLATOR
Figure 3-31A.RL circuit
Simple Series RL Circuit
Figure 3-33.Blocking oscillator
Figure 3-34.Blocking oscillator idealized waveforms
Figure 3-35.Circuit damping.
UNDERDAMPING
Figure 3-37B.Blocking oscillator (synchronized)
TIME-BASE GENERATORS
Figure 3-38B.Series RC circuit
Figure 3-39.Universal Time Constant Chart
Figure 3-40.Sawtooth waveform
Figure 3-41B.Transistor sawtooth generator
Sawtooth Wave - 14181_138
Figure 3-42B.Relationship of gate to linearity
Figure 3-43B.Relationship of R and C to linearity
Figure 3-44A.Unijunction sawtooth generator. SCHEMATIC
Figure 3-44B.Unijunction sawtooth generator. EMITTER WAVEFORM
Figure 3-45A.Improved unijunction sawtooth generator
Figure 3-46.Synchronized sawtooth generator
TRANSISTOR SAWTOOTH GENERATOR
Figure 3-47C.Transistor sawtooth generator (pnp)
Trapezoidal Sweep Generator
Figure 3-49B.Series LR circuit.
Figure 3-50A.Trapezoidal waveform generator
Figure 3-50B.Trapezoidal waveform generator
Effect of Frequency on Inductive Reactance-Cont.
SUMMARY - 14181_152
TRAPEZOIDAL WAVE - 14181_153
MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
CLEAR STATE
SAWTOOTH GENERATOR
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q14. - 14181_157
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q14. - 14181_158
CHAPTER 4 WAVE SHAPING
Series-Positive Limiter
Figure 4-2.Actual output of a series-positive limiter
SERIES-POSITIVE LIMITER WITH BIAS
Figure 4-3B.Positive and negative bias. NEGATIVE BIAS
Figure 4-5A.Series-positive limiter with negative bias
Series-Negative Limiter
SERIES-NEGATIVE LIMITER WITH BIAS
PARALLEL LIMITERS
Parallel-Positive Limiter - 14181_168
PARALLEL-POSITIVE LIMITER WITH BIAS
Figure 4-11B.Parallel-positive Limiter with positive bias
Parallel-Negative Limiter
PARALLEL-NEGATIVE LIMITER WITH BIAS
DUAL-DIODE LIMITER
CLAMPERS
Figure 4-16C.Clamping waveforms
SERIES RC CIRCUITS
POSITIVE-DIODE CLAMPERS - 14181_177
Figure 4-18B.Positive damper and waveform
POSITIVE-DIODE CLAMPERS - 14181_179
Positive-Diode Clamper With Bias
Positive-Diode Clamper With Negative Bias
NEGATIVE-DIODE CLAMPERS
Figure 4-21B.Negative clamper and waveform
Negative-Diode Clamper With Negative Bias
Negative Clamper With Positive Bias
Figure 4-23B.Negative clamper with positive bias
COMMON-BASE TRANSISTOR CLAMPER
SHAPING CIRCUITS
COMPOSITION OF NONSINUSOIDAL WAVES
Figure 4-25.Harmonic composition of a square wave
Figure 4-26B.Composition of a sawtooth wave
Figure 4-26D.Composition of a sawtooth wave
Nonsinusoidal Voltages Applied to an RC Circuit
RC INTEGRATORS
Figure 4-31.Partial integration
Table 4-1.Resistive and reactive values
RL INTEGRATORS
Short Time-Constant Integrator
Figure 4-35.RC integrator circuit
Long Time-Constant Integrator
DIFFERENTIATORS
Short Time-Constant Differentiator
Medium Time-Constant Differentiator
Long Time-Constant Differentiator
COUNTERS
Positive Counters
Figure 4-43B.Positive-diode counter and waveform
Negative Counters
Figure 4-45B.Basic step counter and waveforms
Figure 4-46A.Step counter as a frequency divider and waveforms.
SUMMARY - 14181_211
SERIES-NEGATIVE LIMITER
PARALLEL-POSITIVE LIMITER - 14181_213
CLAMPING CIRCUIT
COMMON-BASE TRANSISTOR CLAMPER
SAWTOOTH WAVE - 14181_216
INTEGRATION
ANSWERS TO QUESTION Q1. THROUGH Q27 - 14181_218
ANSWERS TO QUESTION Q1. THROUGH Q27 - 14181_219
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - 14181_221
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - 14181_222
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - 14181_223
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - 14181_224
APPENDIX II SQUARE AND SQUARE ROOTS
MODULE 9 INDEX - 14181_227
MODULE 9 INDEX - 14181_228
MODULE 9 INDEX - 14181_229
Assignment Questions - 14181_231
Assignment Questions - 14181_233
Assignment Questions - 14181_234
Assignment Questions - 14181_235
Assignment Questions - 14181_236
Assignment Questions - 14181_237
Assignment Questions - 14181_238
Assignment Questions - 14181_239
Assignment Questions - 14181_240
Assignment Questions - 14181_241
Assignment Questions - 14181_242
Assignment Questions - 14181_243
Assignment Questions - 14181_244
Assignment Questions - 14181_245
Assignment Questions - 14181_246
Assignment Questions - 14181_247
Assignment Questions - 14181_248
Assignment Questions - 14181_249
Assignment Questions - 14181_250
Assignment Questions - 14181_251
Assignment Questions - 14181_252
Assignment Questions - 14181_253
Assignment Questions - 14181_254
Assignment Questions - 14181_255
Assignment Questions - 14181_256
Assignment Questions - 14181_257
Assignment Questions - 14181_258
Assignment Questions - 14181_259
Assignment Questions - 14181_260
Assignment Questions - 14181_261
Assignment Questions - 14181_262
Assignment Questions - 14181_263
Assignment Questions - 14181_264
Assignment Questions - 14181_265
Assignment Questions - 14181_266
Assignment Questions - 14181_267
Assignment Questions - 14181_268
Assignment Questions - 14181_269
Assignment Questions - 14181_270
Assignment Questions - 14181_271
Assignment Questions - 14181_272
Assignment Questions - 14181_273
Assignment Questions - 14181_274
Assignment Questions - 14181_275
Figure 1-1B.Basic tuned circuits. PARALLEL TUNED CIRCUIT
REVIEW OF SERIES/PARALLEL A.C. CIRCUITS
Effect of Frequency on Capacitive Reactance
Effect of Frequency on Resistance
RESONANCE - 14181_18
Figure 1-4.Practice tank circuit.
RESONANT FREQUENCY-Cont.
RESONANT CIRCUITS
THE IDEAL SERIES-RESONANT CIRCUIT
WARNING - 14181_23
How the Ideal Series-LC Circuit Respond to a Frequency Below Resonance (100 kHz)
How the Ideal Series-LC Circuit Responds to a Frequency Above Resonance (300 kHz)
How the Typical Series-LC Circuit Differs From the Ideal
Figure 1-7.Curves of impedance and current in an RLC series resonant circuit
How the Parallel-LC Circuit Stores Energy
Figure 1-8D.Capacitor and inductor action in a tank circuit
Figure 1-8F.Capacitor and inductor action in a tank circuit.
Figure 1-8I.Capacitor and inductor action in a tank circuit
PARALLEL RESONANCE
The Characteristics of a Typical Parallel-Resonant Circuit
Tuning a Band of Frequencies
RESONANT CIRCUITS AS FILTER CIRCUITS
Q Is a Ratio
Q Relationships in Series Circuits
Table 1-1.Major Characteristics of Series RLC Circuits at Resonance
Q Relationships in a Parallel-Resonant Circuit
Summary of Q
BANDWIDTH - 14181_41
BANDWIDTH-Cont.
FILTERS
Figure 1-13.Effect of frequency on capacitive and inductive reactance
Figure 1-14.Reaction to circuit by change in frequency
LOW-PASS FILTER - 14181_46
Figure 1-16A.Components of a simple low-pass filter
HIGH-PASS FILTER - 14181_48
RESONANT CIRCUITS AS FILTERS
Figure 1-20A.Components of a simple bandpass filter
Band-Reject Filter - 14181_51
Figure 1-22C.Components of a simple band-reject filter
MULTISECTION FILTERS
Figure 1-23B.Formation of a T-type filter
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
EFFECT OF FREQUENCY
RESULTANT REACTANCE
PARALLEL-LC CIRCUIT
BANDWIDTH - 14181_59
LOW-PASS FILTER - 14181_60
HIGH-PASS FILTER - 14181_61
BAND-REJECT FILTER - 14181_62
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q21 - 14181_63
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q21 - 14181_64
CHAPTER 2 OSCILLATORS
THE BASIC OSCILLATOR
SINE-WAVE OSCILLATOR
Figure 2-2B.RC oscillator. VECTOR ANALYSIS
LC Network
Crystals
Figure 2-6B.Crystal symbol and equivalent circuits. EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
SOLID-STATE LC OSCILLATORS
TYPES OF FEEDBACK
COMMON-COLLECTOR CONFIGURATION
OSCILLATOR CIRCUITS
FREQUENCY STABILITY - 14181_76
ARMSTRONG OSCILLATOR - 14181_77
Figure 2-10D.Basic Armstrong oscillator circuit. OSCILLATOR
ARMSTRONG OSCILLATOR - 14181_79
Figure 2-11.Tuned-base Armstrong oscillator.
HARTLEY OSCILLATOR
Shunt-Fed Hartley Oscillator
COLPITTS OSCILLATOR
Figure 2-15.Colpitts oscillator.
RESISTIVE-CAPACITIVE (RC) FEEDBACK OSCILLATOR
Phase-Shift Oscillators
Figure 2-18B.Three-section, phase-shifting RC network. PHASE-SHIFT NETWORK C2 AND R2
CRYSTAL OSCILLATORS - 14181_88
Crystals as Tuned Circuits
Crystal-Controlled Armstrong Oscillator
Crystal-Controlled Pierce Oscillator
PULSED OSCILLATORS
Frequency of a Pulsed Oscillator
HARMONICS
FREQUENCY MULTIPLICATION - 14181_95
Buffer Amplifier
SUMMARY - 14181_97
OSCILLATOR
ARMSTRONG OSCILLATOR
CRYSTAL OSCILLATORS - 14181_100
BUFFER AMPLIFIER
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q23
CHAPTER 3 WAVEFORMS AND WAVE GENERATORS
Square Wave
Figure 3-2.Square wave
Sawtooth Wave
Trapezoidal Wave - 14181_107
Astable Multivibrator
Figure 3-4.Astable multivibrator (Q1 saturated)
Figure 3-5.Astable multivibrator
FREQUENCY STABILITY - 14181_111
Monostable Multivibrator
Figure 3-11.Monostable multivibrator schematic.
Figure 3-13.Monostable multivibrator (triggered)
Figure 3-14.Waveforms of a monostable multivibrator (triggered)
Figure 3-15B.Monostable miltivibrator and waveshapes. Waveshapes
Bistable Multivibrator
Figure 3-17B.Bistable multivibrator and waveforms
Figure 3-18.Basic flip-flop
Figure 3-20.Flip-flop (Q1 voltage divider)
Figure 3-21.Flip-flop (Q2 voltage divider)
Figure 3-24.Flip-flop (original state)
Figure 3-26.Flip-flop (CLEAR state)
Figure 3-27.Flip-flop with trigger pulse on SET and inputs
BLOCKING OSCILLATOR
Figure 3-31A.RL circuit
Simple Series RL Circuit
Figure 3-33.Blocking oscillator
Figure 3-34.Blocking oscillator idealized waveforms
Figure 3-35.Circuit damping.
UNDERDAMPING
Figure 3-37B.Blocking oscillator (synchronized)
TIME-BASE GENERATORS
Figure 3-38B.Series RC circuit
Figure 3-39.Universal Time Constant Chart
Figure 3-40.Sawtooth waveform
Figure 3-41B.Transistor sawtooth generator
Sawtooth Wave - 14181_138
Figure 3-42B.Relationship of gate to linearity
Figure 3-43B.Relationship of R and C to linearity
Figure 3-44A.Unijunction sawtooth generator. SCHEMATIC
Figure 3-44B.Unijunction sawtooth generator. EMITTER WAVEFORM
Figure 3-45A.Improved unijunction sawtooth generator
Figure 3-46.Synchronized sawtooth generator
TRANSISTOR SAWTOOTH GENERATOR
Figure 3-47C.Transistor sawtooth generator (pnp)
Trapezoidal Sweep Generator
Figure 3-49B.Series LR circuit.
Figure 3-50A.Trapezoidal waveform generator
Figure 3-50B.Trapezoidal waveform generator
Effect of Frequency on Inductive Reactance-Cont.
SUMMARY - 14181_152
TRAPEZOIDAL WAVE - 14181_153
MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
CLEAR STATE
SAWTOOTH GENERATOR
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q14. - 14181_157
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q14. - 14181_158
CHAPTER 4 WAVE SHAPING
Series-Positive Limiter
Figure 4-2.Actual output of a series-positive limiter
SERIES-POSITIVE LIMITER WITH BIAS
Figure 4-3B.Positive and negative bias. NEGATIVE BIAS
Figure 4-5A.Series-positive limiter with negative bias
Series-Negative Limiter
SERIES-NEGATIVE LIMITER WITH BIAS
PARALLEL LIMITERS
Parallel-Positive Limiter - 14181_168
PARALLEL-POSITIVE LIMITER WITH BIAS
Figure 4-11B.Parallel-positive Limiter with positive bias
Parallel-Negative Limiter
PARALLEL-NEGATIVE LIMITER WITH BIAS
DUAL-DIODE LIMITER
CLAMPERS
Figure 4-16C.Clamping waveforms
SERIES RC CIRCUITS
POSITIVE-DIODE CLAMPERS - 14181_177
Figure 4-18B.Positive damper and waveform
POSITIVE-DIODE CLAMPERS - 14181_179
Positive-Diode Clamper With Bias
Positive-Diode Clamper With Negative Bias
NEGATIVE-DIODE CLAMPERS
Figure 4-21B.Negative clamper and waveform
Negative-Diode Clamper With Negative Bias
Negative Clamper With Positive Bias
Figure 4-23B.Negative clamper with positive bias
COMMON-BASE TRANSISTOR CLAMPER
SHAPING CIRCUITS
COMPOSITION OF NONSINUSOIDAL WAVES
Figure 4-25.Harmonic composition of a square wave
Figure 4-26B.Composition of a sawtooth wave
Figure 4-26D.Composition of a sawtooth wave
Nonsinusoidal Voltages Applied to an RC Circuit
RC INTEGRATORS
Figure 4-31.Partial integration
Table 4-1.Resistive and reactive values
RL INTEGRATORS
Short Time-Constant Integrator
Figure 4-35.RC integrator circuit
Long Time-Constant Integrator
DIFFERENTIATORS
Short Time-Constant Differentiator
Medium Time-Constant Differentiator
Long Time-Constant Differentiator
COUNTERS
Positive Counters
Figure 4-43B.Positive-diode counter and waveform
Negative Counters
Figure 4-45B.Basic step counter and waveforms
Figure 4-46A.Step counter as a frequency divider and waveforms.
SUMMARY - 14181_211
SERIES-NEGATIVE LIMITER
PARALLEL-POSITIVE LIMITER - 14181_213
CLAMPING CIRCUIT
COMMON-BASE TRANSISTOR CLAMPER
SAWTOOTH WAVE - 14181_216
INTEGRATION
ANSWERS TO QUESTION Q1. THROUGH Q27 - 14181_218
ANSWERS TO QUESTION Q1. THROUGH Q27 - 14181_219
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - 14181_221
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - 14181_222
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - 14181_223
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - 14181_224
APPENDIX II SQUARE AND SQUARE ROOTS
MODULE 9 INDEX - 14181_227
MODULE 9 INDEX - 14181_228
MODULE 9 INDEX - 14181_229
Assignment Questions - 14181_231
Assignment Questions - 14181_233
Assignment Questions - 14181_234
Assignment Questions - 14181_235
Assignment Questions - 14181_236
Assignment Questions - 14181_237
Assignment Questions - 14181_238
Assignment Questions - 14181_239
Assignment Questions - 14181_240
Assignment Questions - 14181_241
Assignment Questions - 14181_242
Assignment Questions - 14181_243
Assignment Questions - 14181_244
Assignment Questions - 14181_245
Assignment Questions - 14181_246
Assignment Questions - 14181_247
Assignment Questions - 14181_248
Assignment Questions - 14181_249
Assignment Questions - 14181_250
Assignment Questions - 14181_251
Assignment Questions - 14181_252
Assignment Questions - 14181_253
Assignment Questions - 14181_254
Assignment Questions - 14181_255
Assignment Questions - 14181_256
Assignment Questions - 14181_257
Assignment Questions - 14181_258
Assignment Questions - 14181_259
Assignment Questions - 14181_260
Assignment Questions - 14181_261
Assignment Questions - 14181_262
Assignment Questions - 14181_263
Assignment Questions - 14181_264
Assignment Questions - 14181_265
Assignment Questions - 14181_266
Assignment Questions - 14181_267
Assignment Questions - 14181_268
Assignment Questions - 14181_269
Assignment Questions - 14181_270
Assignment Questions - 14181_271
Assignment Questions - 14181_272
Assignment Questions - 14181_273
Assignment Questions - 14181_274
Assignment Questions - 14181_275
