CHAPTER 1 AMPLIFIERS
USES OF AMPLIFICATION
CLASSIFICATION OF AMPLIFIERS
POWER AMPLIFIER
FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF AMPLIFIERS
AMPLIFIER CLASSES OF OPERATION - 14180_18
Class AB Operation
Class B Operation - 14180_20
AMPLIFIER COUPLING
Direct Coupling - 14180_22
RC Coupling
Impedance Coupling - 14180_24
Transformer Coupling
IMPEDANCE CONSIDERATIONS FOR AMPLIFIERS
Figure 1-13.Effect of impedance matching in the coupling of two circuits
Impedance Characteristics of Amplifier Configurations
Impedance Characteristics of Amplifier Configurations-Cont.
AMPLIFIER FEEDBACK
Figure 1-16.Negative feedback in an amplifier
Positive Feedback
Figure 1-18.Positive feedback in a transistor amplifier
Figure 1-19.Positive feedback in two stages of transistor amplification
Negative Feedback
AUDIO AMPLIFIERS
SINGLE-STAGE AUDIO AMPLIFIERS
Figure 1-23.Transistor audio amplifier.
PHASE SPLITTERS
Figure 1-27.Single-stage transistor phase splitter
PUSH-PULL AMPLIFIERS
SUMMARY - 14180_42
CLASS A OPERATION
CLASS B OPERATION - 14180_44
DIRECT COUPLING - 14180_45
IMPEDANCE COUPLING - 14180_46
MAXIMUM VOLTAGE INPUT SIGNAL
COMMON-BASE
POSITIVE (REGENERATIVE) FEEDBACK
PHASE SPLITTER
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q33 - 14180_51
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q33 - 14180_52
CHAPTER 2 VIDEO AND RF AMPLIFIERS
AMPLIFIER FREQUENCY RESPONSE
BANDWIDTH OF AN AMPLIFIER - 14180_55
BANDWIDTH OF AN AMPLIFIER - 14180_56
READING AMPLIFIER FREQUENCY-RESPONSE CURVES
Figure 2-2C.Frequency response curves
Figure 2-2D.Frequency response curves.
Figure 2-3B.Frequency-response curves for Q3
FACTORS AFFECTING FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF AN AMPLIFIER
Figure 2-4B.Amplifiers showing reactive elements and reactance
Figure 2-5.Interelectrode capacitance of a transistor
VIDEO AMPLIFIERS
Shunt Peaking
Combination Peaking - 14180_66
LOW-FREQUENCY COMPENSATION FOR VIDEO AMPLIFIERS
TYPICAL VIDEO-AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT
RADIO-FREQUENCY AMPLIFIERS
AMPLIFIER INPUT/OUTPUT IMPEDANCE AND GAIN
FREQUENCY-DETERMINING NETWORK FOR AN RF AMPLIFIER
Figure 2-14.Simple rf amplifier
RF AMPLIFIER COUPLING
Figure 2-16A.Effect of coupling on frequency response. LOOSE COUPLING
COMPENSATION OF RF AMPLIFIERS
Neutralization of RF Amplifiers
Figure 2-18.Neutralized rf amplifier
Figure 2-19.Typical AM radio rf amplifier
Figure 2-20.Typical vhf television rf amplifier.
FREQUENCY-RESPONSE CURVE
UPPER-FREQUENCY RESPONSE
SERIES PEAKING
COMBINATION PEAKING - 14180_83
TRANSFORMER COUPLING
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q42. - 14180_85
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q42. - 14180_86
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q42. - 14180_87
CHAPTER 3 SPECIAL AMPLIFIERS
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIERS
Figure 3-1B.Common-emitter and common-base amplifiers
THE TWO-INPUT, SINGLE-OUTPUT, DIFFERENCE AMPLIFIER - 14180_92
Figure 3-3.Input signals 180 out of phase
THE TWO-INPUT, SINGLE-OUTPUT, DIFFERENCE AMPLIFIER - 14180_94
Figure 3-4.Input signals in phase
THE TWO-INPUT, SINGLE-OUTPUT, DIFFERENCE AMPLIFIER - 14180_96
Figure 3-5.Input signals 90 out of phase
TYPICAL DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT
SINGLE-INPUT, SINGLE-OUTPUT, DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
SINGLE-INPUT, DIFFERENTIAL-OUTPUT, DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
DIFFERENTIAL-INPUT, DIFFERENTIAL-OUTPUT, DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
Figure 3-9.Differential-input, differential-output differential amplifier
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AN OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
Figure 3-11.Block diagram of an operational amplifier
CLOSED-LOOP OPERATION OF AN OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER - 14180_106
Figure 3-13.Inverting configuration
Figure 3-14C.Virtual ground circuits
CLOSED-LOOP OPERATION OF AN OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER - 14180_109
CLOSED-LOOP OPERATION OF AN OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER - 14180_110
Noninverting Configuration - 14180_111
Figure 3-16.Noninverting configuration
BANDWIDTH LIMITATIONS
Figure 3-17.Open-loop frequency-response curve
Figure 3-18.Closed-loop frequency-response curve for gain of 100
Figure 3-19.Closed-loop frequency-response curve for gain of 10
APPLICATIONS OF OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS
Figure 3-20.Two-input adder
Figure 3-21.Current and voltage in a two-input adder
Figure 3-22.Five-input adder
Figure 3-23.Summing amplifier
SCALING AMPLIFIER - 14180_122
Figure 3-24.Scaling amplifier
Summing Amplifier (Adder)-Cont.
Difference Amplifier (Subtractor) - 14180_125
Difference Amplifier (Subtractor) - 14180_126
Difference Amplifier (Subtractor) - 14180_127
Difference Amplifier (Subtractor) - 14180_128
Difference Amplifier (Subtractor) - 14180_129
Figure 3-27.Circuit for Q31 through Q33
MAGNETIC AMPLIFIERS - 14180_131
BASIC OPERATION OF A MAGNETIC AMPLIFIER-Cont.
METHODS OF CHANGING INDUCTANCE
Figure 3-30.Varying coil inductance with a movable coil
SATURABLE-CORE REACTOR - 14180_135
Figure 3-32.A simple saturable-core reactor circuit
Figure 3-34.Magnetization and permeability curves with operating point
Figure 3-36A.Three-legged, saturable-core reactor. FIRST HALF CYCLE
Figure 3-37A.Toroidal saturable-core reactor. FIRST HALF CYCLE
SIMPLIFIED MAGNETIC AMPLIFIER CIRCUITRY
Figure 3-38A.Simple half-wave magnetic amplifier. FIRST HALF CYCLE
Figure 3-39A.Simple full-wave magnetic amplifier. FIRST HALF CYCLE
Figure 3-40.Full-wave magnetic amplifier with bias winding
SUMMARY - 14180_144
Differencial Amplifier in phase
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
SINGLE INPUT and a DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
NONINVERTING CONFIGURATION - 14180_149
GAIN-BANDWIDTH PRODUCT
SCALING AMPLIFIER - 14180_151
SATURABLE-CORE REACTOR - 14180_152
MAGNETIC AMPLIFIERS - 14180_153
BIAS WINDING
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q50. - 14180_155
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q50. - 14180_156
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q50. - 14180_157
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q50. - 14180_158
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - 14180_159
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - 14180_160
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - 14180_161
MODULE 8 INDEX - 14180_163
MODULE 8 INDEX - 14180_164
MODULE 8 INDEX - 14180_165
Assignment Questions - 14180_167
Assignment Questions - 14180_169
Assignment Questions - 14180_170
Assignment Questions - 14180_171
Assignment Questions - 14180_172
Assignment Questions - 14180_173
Assignment Questions - 14180_174
Assignment Questions - 14180_175
Assignment Questions - 14180_176
Assignment Questions - 14180_177
Assignment Questions - 14180_178
Assignment Questions - 14180_179
Assignment Questions - 14180_180
Assignment Questions - 14180_181
Assignment Questions - 14180_182
Assignment Questions - 14180_183
Assignment Questions - 14180_184
Assignment Questions - 14180_185
Assignment Questions - 14180_186
USES OF AMPLIFICATION
CLASSIFICATION OF AMPLIFIERS
POWER AMPLIFIER
FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF AMPLIFIERS
AMPLIFIER CLASSES OF OPERATION - 14180_18
Class AB Operation
Class B Operation - 14180_20
AMPLIFIER COUPLING
Direct Coupling - 14180_22
RC Coupling
Impedance Coupling - 14180_24
Transformer Coupling
IMPEDANCE CONSIDERATIONS FOR AMPLIFIERS
Figure 1-13.Effect of impedance matching in the coupling of two circuits
Impedance Characteristics of Amplifier Configurations
Impedance Characteristics of Amplifier Configurations-Cont.
AMPLIFIER FEEDBACK
Figure 1-16.Negative feedback in an amplifier
Positive Feedback
Figure 1-18.Positive feedback in a transistor amplifier
Figure 1-19.Positive feedback in two stages of transistor amplification
Negative Feedback
AUDIO AMPLIFIERS
SINGLE-STAGE AUDIO AMPLIFIERS
Figure 1-23.Transistor audio amplifier.
PHASE SPLITTERS
Figure 1-27.Single-stage transistor phase splitter
PUSH-PULL AMPLIFIERS
SUMMARY - 14180_42
CLASS A OPERATION
CLASS B OPERATION - 14180_44
DIRECT COUPLING - 14180_45
IMPEDANCE COUPLING - 14180_46
MAXIMUM VOLTAGE INPUT SIGNAL
COMMON-BASE
POSITIVE (REGENERATIVE) FEEDBACK
PHASE SPLITTER
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q33 - 14180_51
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q33 - 14180_52
CHAPTER 2 VIDEO AND RF AMPLIFIERS
AMPLIFIER FREQUENCY RESPONSE
BANDWIDTH OF AN AMPLIFIER - 14180_55
BANDWIDTH OF AN AMPLIFIER - 14180_56
READING AMPLIFIER FREQUENCY-RESPONSE CURVES
Figure 2-2C.Frequency response curves
Figure 2-2D.Frequency response curves.
Figure 2-3B.Frequency-response curves for Q3
FACTORS AFFECTING FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF AN AMPLIFIER
Figure 2-4B.Amplifiers showing reactive elements and reactance
Figure 2-5.Interelectrode capacitance of a transistor
VIDEO AMPLIFIERS
Shunt Peaking
Combination Peaking - 14180_66
LOW-FREQUENCY COMPENSATION FOR VIDEO AMPLIFIERS
TYPICAL VIDEO-AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT
RADIO-FREQUENCY AMPLIFIERS
AMPLIFIER INPUT/OUTPUT IMPEDANCE AND GAIN
FREQUENCY-DETERMINING NETWORK FOR AN RF AMPLIFIER
Figure 2-14.Simple rf amplifier
RF AMPLIFIER COUPLING
Figure 2-16A.Effect of coupling on frequency response. LOOSE COUPLING
COMPENSATION OF RF AMPLIFIERS
Neutralization of RF Amplifiers
Figure 2-18.Neutralized rf amplifier
Figure 2-19.Typical AM radio rf amplifier
Figure 2-20.Typical vhf television rf amplifier.
FREQUENCY-RESPONSE CURVE
UPPER-FREQUENCY RESPONSE
SERIES PEAKING
COMBINATION PEAKING - 14180_83
TRANSFORMER COUPLING
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q42. - 14180_85
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q42. - 14180_86
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q42. - 14180_87
CHAPTER 3 SPECIAL AMPLIFIERS
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIERS
Figure 3-1B.Common-emitter and common-base amplifiers
THE TWO-INPUT, SINGLE-OUTPUT, DIFFERENCE AMPLIFIER - 14180_92
Figure 3-3.Input signals 180 out of phase
THE TWO-INPUT, SINGLE-OUTPUT, DIFFERENCE AMPLIFIER - 14180_94
Figure 3-4.Input signals in phase
THE TWO-INPUT, SINGLE-OUTPUT, DIFFERENCE AMPLIFIER - 14180_96
Figure 3-5.Input signals 90 out of phase
TYPICAL DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT
SINGLE-INPUT, SINGLE-OUTPUT, DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
SINGLE-INPUT, DIFFERENTIAL-OUTPUT, DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
DIFFERENTIAL-INPUT, DIFFERENTIAL-OUTPUT, DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
Figure 3-9.Differential-input, differential-output differential amplifier
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AN OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
Figure 3-11.Block diagram of an operational amplifier
CLOSED-LOOP OPERATION OF AN OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER - 14180_106
Figure 3-13.Inverting configuration
Figure 3-14C.Virtual ground circuits
CLOSED-LOOP OPERATION OF AN OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER - 14180_109
CLOSED-LOOP OPERATION OF AN OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER - 14180_110
Noninverting Configuration - 14180_111
Figure 3-16.Noninverting configuration
BANDWIDTH LIMITATIONS
Figure 3-17.Open-loop frequency-response curve
Figure 3-18.Closed-loop frequency-response curve for gain of 100
Figure 3-19.Closed-loop frequency-response curve for gain of 10
APPLICATIONS OF OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS
Figure 3-20.Two-input adder
Figure 3-21.Current and voltage in a two-input adder
Figure 3-22.Five-input adder
Figure 3-23.Summing amplifier
SCALING AMPLIFIER - 14180_122
Figure 3-24.Scaling amplifier
Summing Amplifier (Adder)-Cont.
Difference Amplifier (Subtractor) - 14180_125
Difference Amplifier (Subtractor) - 14180_126
Difference Amplifier (Subtractor) - 14180_127
Difference Amplifier (Subtractor) - 14180_128
Difference Amplifier (Subtractor) - 14180_129
Figure 3-27.Circuit for Q31 through Q33
MAGNETIC AMPLIFIERS - 14180_131
BASIC OPERATION OF A MAGNETIC AMPLIFIER-Cont.
METHODS OF CHANGING INDUCTANCE
Figure 3-30.Varying coil inductance with a movable coil
SATURABLE-CORE REACTOR - 14180_135
Figure 3-32.A simple saturable-core reactor circuit
Figure 3-34.Magnetization and permeability curves with operating point
Figure 3-36A.Three-legged, saturable-core reactor. FIRST HALF CYCLE
Figure 3-37A.Toroidal saturable-core reactor. FIRST HALF CYCLE
SIMPLIFIED MAGNETIC AMPLIFIER CIRCUITRY
Figure 3-38A.Simple half-wave magnetic amplifier. FIRST HALF CYCLE
Figure 3-39A.Simple full-wave magnetic amplifier. FIRST HALF CYCLE
Figure 3-40.Full-wave magnetic amplifier with bias winding
SUMMARY - 14180_144
Differencial Amplifier in phase
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
SINGLE INPUT and a DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
NONINVERTING CONFIGURATION - 14180_149
GAIN-BANDWIDTH PRODUCT
SCALING AMPLIFIER - 14180_151
SATURABLE-CORE REACTOR - 14180_152
MAGNETIC AMPLIFIERS - 14180_153
BIAS WINDING
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q50. - 14180_155
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q50. - 14180_156
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q50. - 14180_157
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q50. - 14180_158
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - 14180_159
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - 14180_160
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - 14180_161
MODULE 8 INDEX - 14180_163
MODULE 8 INDEX - 14180_164
MODULE 8 INDEX - 14180_165
Assignment Questions - 14180_167
Assignment Questions - 14180_169
Assignment Questions - 14180_170
Assignment Questions - 14180_171
Assignment Questions - 14180_172
Assignment Questions - 14180_173
Assignment Questions - 14180_174
Assignment Questions - 14180_175
Assignment Questions - 14180_176
Assignment Questions - 14180_177
Assignment Questions - 14180_178
Assignment Questions - 14180_179
Assignment Questions - 14180_180
Assignment Questions - 14180_181
Assignment Questions - 14180_182
Assignment Questions - 14180_183
Assignment Questions - 14180_184
Assignment Questions - 14180_185
Assignment Questions - 14180_186
