CHAPTER 1 SEMICONDUCTOR DIODES
SEMICONDUCTOR DEVELOPMENT
SEMICONDUCTOR APPLICATIONS - 14179_15
SEMICONDUCTOR APPLICATIONS - 14179_15_copy1
SEMICONDUCTOR COMPETITION
SEMICONDUCTOR THEORY
Figure 1-2.The composition of a simple helium atom
Figure 1-3.Shell designation
ENERGY BANDS
Figure 1-5.The energy arrangement in atoms
COVALENT BONDING - 14179_22
Figure 1-7.A typical crystal structure
CONDUCTION PROCESS
DOPING PROCESS
N-Type Semiconductor
SEMICONDUCTOR DIODE
CONSTRUCTION - 14179_28
Figure 1-14A.The point-contact type of diode construction
PN JUNCTION OPERATION
Junction Barrier - 14179_31
FORWARD BIAS - 14179_32
REVERSE BIAS.
Figure 1-19.Reverse-biased PN junction.
PN JUNCTION APPLICATION
Figure 1-21B.Simple half-wave rectifier
Figure 1-22.A metallic rectifier.
Diode Switch
DIODE CHARACTERISTICS
SIGNAL DIODES
DIODE IDENTIFICATION
Figure 1-26.Semiconductor diode markings
DIODE MAINTENANCE - 14179_43
DIODE MAINTENANCE-Cont.
Figure 1-28.Checking a diode with an ohmmeter
SUMMARY - 14179_46
ELECTRONS ENERGY LEVEL
COVALENT BONDING - 14179_48
DOPING
P-TYPE SEMICONDUCTOR
PN JUNCTION CONSTRUCTION
JUNCTION BARRIER - 14179_52
FORWARD BIAS - 14179_53
PN JUNCTION
METALLIC RECTIFIER
DIODE MARKINGS
DIODE MAINTENANCE - 14179_57
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q36 - 14179_58
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q36 - 14179_59
CHAPTER 2 TRANSISTORS
TRANSISTOR FUNDAMENTALS
Figure 2-2.Transistor block diagrams
CONSTRUCTION - 14179_64
Figure 2-4.Transistor constructions
TRANSISTOR THEORY
NPN FORWARD-BIASED JUNCTION
NPN REVERSE-BIASED JUNCTION
Figure 2-6.The reverse-biased junction in an NPN transistor
Figure 2-7.NPN transistor operation
PNP Transistor Operation - 14179_71
PNP FORWARD-BIASED JUNCTION
PNP REVERSE-BIASED JUNCTION
PNP JUNCTION INTERACTION
THE BASIC TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIER
THE BASIC TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIER-Cont.
Figure 2-12.The basic transistor amplifier
TYPES OF BIAS
Base-Current Bias (Fixed Bias)
Combination Bias
AMPLIFIER CLASSES OF OPERATION - 14179_81
Class C Amplifier Operation
TRANSISTOR CONFIGURATIONS
Common Emitter
Common Emitter-Cont.
Common Base
Common Collector
Table 2-1.Transistor Configuration Comparison Chart
Common Collector -Cont.
TRANSISTOR SPECIFICATIONS
TRANSISTOR MAINTENANCE
LEAD IDENTIFICATION
TRANSISTOR TESTING - 14179_93
Testing Transistors with an Ohmmeter
TRANSISTOR JUNCTION RESISTANCE TEST
Table 2-2.Possible Transistor Problems from Ohmmeter Readings
MICROELECTRONICS - 14179_97
Figure 2-20A.A typical printed circuit board (PCB). FRONT SIDE
Figure 2-21.ICs on a printed circuit board
MICROELECTRONICS -Cont.
Figure 2-23.Common IC packaging styles
SUMMARY - 14179_102
TRANSISTOR MANUFACTURING PROCESSES
PNP TRANSISTOR OPERATION - 14179_104
BASIC TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIER
CLASS A AMPLIFIERS
CLASS C AMPLIFIERS
COMMON-EMITTER CONFIGURATION (CE)
COMMON-COLLECTOR CONFIGURATION (CC)
TRANSISTORS ARE IDENTIFIED
TRANSISTOR GAIN TEST
MICROELECTRONICS - 14179_112
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q42 - 14179_113
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q42 - 14179_114
CHAPTER 3 SPECIAL DEVICES
DIODES
CONDUCTION BAND
Figure 3-2B.-Energy diagram for Zener diode
Figure 3-3.Avalanche multiplication.
Figure 3-4C.Schematic symbols for Zener diodes
Figure 3-4E.Schematic symbols for Zener diodes
The Tunnel Diode
Figure 3-6A.Tunnel diode energy diagram with no bias
Figure 3-6B.Tunnel diode energy diagram with no bias
Figure 3-7B.Tunnel diode energy diagram with 50 millivolts bias
Figure 3-8A.Tunnel diode energy diagram with 450 millivolts bias
Figure 3-9B.Tunnel diode energy diagram with 600 millivolts bias
Figure 3-10C.Tunnel diode schematic symbols
Varactor
Figure 3-14.Reverse-biased PN junction
Figure 3-15.Varactor capacitance versus bias voltage.
Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR)
Figure 3-17B.Silicon controlled rectifier
Figure 3-18A.SCR structure
Figure 3-18C.SCR structure.
Figure 3-19.Characteristic curve for an SCR
Figure 3-21.Comparison of an SCR and a thyratron
TRIAC
Figure 3-24.Back to back SCR equivalent circuit
Figure 3-25B.Comparison of SCR and TRIAC circuits.
Optoelectronic Devices - 14179_141
Figure 3-28B.Seven-segment LED display
Figure 3-29B.Seven-segment LED display examples
Figure 3-31.Photodiode.
Figure 3-32.Phototransistor.
Figure 3-34.Photocell
Figure 3-37.Optical coupler.
TRANSISTORS
Figure 3-39.Transistor and UJT
Figure 3-40.Transistor and UJT structure
Figure 3-42B.UJT voltage gradient.
Field Effect Transistors
Figure 3-45.JFET structure
Figure 3-46.Symbols and bias voltages for transistors and JFET.
Figure 3-48.JFET with reverse bias
Figure 3-49.JFET input impedance.
Figure 3-51.JFET common source amplifier
Figure 3-52C.MOSFET symbols
Figure 3-53.MOSFET structure
Figure 3-54A.Effects of bias on N-channel depletion MOSFET
Figure 3-54C.Effects of bias on N-channel depletion MOSFET
Figure 3-55B.Effects of bias on N-channel enhancement MOSFET
Figure 3-56.Induced channel MOSFET construction.
Figure 3-58.MOSFET shorting spring.
SUMMARY - 14179_165
VARACTOR
OPTOELECTRONIC DEVICES - 14179_167
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q44 - 14179_168
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q44 - 14179_169
CHAPTER 4 SOLID-STATE POWER SUPPLIES
Figure 4-1B.Block diagram of a basic power supply
THE POWER TRANSFORMER
THE RECTIFIER
Rms, Peak, and Average Values
Ripple Frequency
The Conventional Full-Wave Rectifier - 14179_177
A Practical Full-Wave Rectifier - 14179_178
Figure 4-7.Peak and average values for a full-wave rectifier.
The Bridge Rectifier
Figure 4-8.Bridge rectifier
FILTERS - 14179_182
Figure 4-10A.Capacitor filter. FAST CHARGE
Figure 4-10B.Capacitor filter. SLOW DISCHARGE
Figure 4-11.RC time constant.
Figure 4-13.Inductive filter (expanding field)
The Capacitor Filter
Figure 4-16B.Half-wave rectifier with and without filtering. FILTERED
Figure 4-17A.Capacitor filter circuit (positive and negative half cycles). POSITIVE HALF-CYCLE
Figure 4-17B.Capacitor filter circuit (positive and negative half cycles). NEGATIVE HALF-CYCLE
Halfwave Rectifier
14179_192
LC Choke-Input Filter
Figure 4-20A.LC choke-input filter (charge and discharge paths). CHARGE PATH
Figure 4-21.LC choke-input filter
Figure 4-22.Filtering action of the LC choke-input filter
Figure 4-23.Half-wave rectifier with an LC choke-input filter
Figure 4-24.Ac component in an LC choke-input filter
Figure 4-26.Dc component in an LC choke-input filter
FAILURE ANALYSIS OF AN LC CHOKE-INPUT FILTER
Resistor-Capacitor (RC) Filters - 14179_201
Figure 4-28.RC filter and waveforms
FAILURE ANALYSIS OF THE RESISTOR-CAPACITOR (RC) FILTER
Figure 4-29.LC filter and waveforms
VOLTAGE REGULATION - 14179_205
REGULATORS - 14179_206
Series and Shunt Voltage Regulators - 14179_207
Figure 4-32.Series voltage regulator
Series and Shunt Voltage Regulators - 14179_209
Figure 4-34.Series voltage regulator
Figure 4-36A.Series voltage regulator. INCREASE IN OUTPUT
Figure 4-37.Shunt voltage regulator
Figure 4-39A.Shunt voltage regulator. INCREASE IN OUTPUT VOLTAGE
Current Regulators
Figure 4-41.Current regulator
VOLTAGE MULTIPLIERS
Figure 4-44.Half-wave voltage doubler.
Figure 4-45A.Rectifier action of CR1 and CR2. POSITIVE ALTERNATION
Figure 4-47.Half-wave voltage tripler
Figure 4-48A.Voltage tripler. POSITIVE ALTERNATION
Short Circuit Protection
TROUBLESHOOTING POWER SUPPLIES - 14179_222
TESTING
Figure 4-51.Complete power supply (without regulator)
Component Problems
CAPACITOR AND RESISTOR TROUBLES-Cont.
SUMMARY - 14179_227
BRIDGE RECTIFIERS
INDUCTOR FILTERS
SERIES REGULATOR
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q43 - 14179_231
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q43 - 14179_232
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - 14179_233
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - 14179_234
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - 14179_235
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - 14179_236
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - 14179_237
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - 14179_238
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - 14179_239
APPENDIX II PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS - 14179_241
APPENDIX II PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS - 14179_242
APPENDIX II PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS - 14179_243
APPENDIX II PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS - 14179_244
APPENDIX II PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS - 14179_245
MODULE 7 INDEX - 14179_247
MODULE 7 INDEX - 14179_248
MODULE 7 INDEX - 14179_249
Assignment Questions - 14179_251
Assignment Questions - 14179_253
Assignment Questions - 14179_254
Assignment Questions - 14179_255
Assignment Questions - 14179_256
Assignment Questions - 14179_257
Assignment Questions - 14179_258
Assignment Questions - 14179_259
Assignment Questions - 14179_260
Assignment Questions - 14179_261
Assignment Questions - 14179_262
Assignment Questions - 14179_263
Assignment Questions - 14179_264
Assignment Questions - 14179_265
Assignment Questions - 14179_266
Assignment Questions - 14179_267
Assignment Questions - 14179_268
Assignment Questions - 14179_269
Assignment Questions - 14179_270
Assignment Questions - 14179_271
Assignment Questions - 14179_272
Assignment Questions - 14179_273
Assignment Questions - 14179_274
Assignment Questions - 14179_275
Assignment Questions - 14179_276
Assignment Questions - 14179_277
Assignment Questions - 14179_278
Assignment Questions - 14179_279
Assignment Questions - 14179_280
Assignment Questions - 14179_281
Assignment Questions - 14179_282
Assignment Questions - 14179_283
Assignment Questions - 14179_284
Assignment Questions - 14179_285
Assignment Questions - 14179_286
Assignment Questions - 14179_287
SEMICONDUCTOR DEVELOPMENT
SEMICONDUCTOR APPLICATIONS - 14179_15
SEMICONDUCTOR APPLICATIONS - 14179_15_copy1
SEMICONDUCTOR COMPETITION
SEMICONDUCTOR THEORY
Figure 1-2.The composition of a simple helium atom
Figure 1-3.Shell designation
ENERGY BANDS
Figure 1-5.The energy arrangement in atoms
COVALENT BONDING - 14179_22
Figure 1-7.A typical crystal structure
CONDUCTION PROCESS
DOPING PROCESS
N-Type Semiconductor
SEMICONDUCTOR DIODE
CONSTRUCTION - 14179_28
Figure 1-14A.The point-contact type of diode construction
PN JUNCTION OPERATION
Junction Barrier - 14179_31
FORWARD BIAS - 14179_32
REVERSE BIAS.
Figure 1-19.Reverse-biased PN junction.
PN JUNCTION APPLICATION
Figure 1-21B.Simple half-wave rectifier
Figure 1-22.A metallic rectifier.
Diode Switch
DIODE CHARACTERISTICS
SIGNAL DIODES
DIODE IDENTIFICATION
Figure 1-26.Semiconductor diode markings
DIODE MAINTENANCE - 14179_43
DIODE MAINTENANCE-Cont.
Figure 1-28.Checking a diode with an ohmmeter
SUMMARY - 14179_46
ELECTRONS ENERGY LEVEL
COVALENT BONDING - 14179_48
DOPING
P-TYPE SEMICONDUCTOR
PN JUNCTION CONSTRUCTION
JUNCTION BARRIER - 14179_52
FORWARD BIAS - 14179_53
PN JUNCTION
METALLIC RECTIFIER
DIODE MARKINGS
DIODE MAINTENANCE - 14179_57
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q36 - 14179_58
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q36 - 14179_59
CHAPTER 2 TRANSISTORS
TRANSISTOR FUNDAMENTALS
Figure 2-2.Transistor block diagrams
CONSTRUCTION - 14179_64
Figure 2-4.Transistor constructions
TRANSISTOR THEORY
NPN FORWARD-BIASED JUNCTION
NPN REVERSE-BIASED JUNCTION
Figure 2-6.The reverse-biased junction in an NPN transistor
Figure 2-7.NPN transistor operation
PNP Transistor Operation - 14179_71
PNP FORWARD-BIASED JUNCTION
PNP REVERSE-BIASED JUNCTION
PNP JUNCTION INTERACTION
THE BASIC TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIER
THE BASIC TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIER-Cont.
Figure 2-12.The basic transistor amplifier
TYPES OF BIAS
Base-Current Bias (Fixed Bias)
Combination Bias
AMPLIFIER CLASSES OF OPERATION - 14179_81
Class C Amplifier Operation
TRANSISTOR CONFIGURATIONS
Common Emitter
Common Emitter-Cont.
Common Base
Common Collector
Table 2-1.Transistor Configuration Comparison Chart
Common Collector -Cont.
TRANSISTOR SPECIFICATIONS
TRANSISTOR MAINTENANCE
LEAD IDENTIFICATION
TRANSISTOR TESTING - 14179_93
Testing Transistors with an Ohmmeter
TRANSISTOR JUNCTION RESISTANCE TEST
Table 2-2.Possible Transistor Problems from Ohmmeter Readings
MICROELECTRONICS - 14179_97
Figure 2-20A.A typical printed circuit board (PCB). FRONT SIDE
Figure 2-21.ICs on a printed circuit board
MICROELECTRONICS -Cont.
Figure 2-23.Common IC packaging styles
SUMMARY - 14179_102
TRANSISTOR MANUFACTURING PROCESSES
PNP TRANSISTOR OPERATION - 14179_104
BASIC TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIER
CLASS A AMPLIFIERS
CLASS C AMPLIFIERS
COMMON-EMITTER CONFIGURATION (CE)
COMMON-COLLECTOR CONFIGURATION (CC)
TRANSISTORS ARE IDENTIFIED
TRANSISTOR GAIN TEST
MICROELECTRONICS - 14179_112
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q42 - 14179_113
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q42 - 14179_114
CHAPTER 3 SPECIAL DEVICES
DIODES
CONDUCTION BAND
Figure 3-2B.-Energy diagram for Zener diode
Figure 3-3.Avalanche multiplication.
Figure 3-4C.Schematic symbols for Zener diodes
Figure 3-4E.Schematic symbols for Zener diodes
The Tunnel Diode
Figure 3-6A.Tunnel diode energy diagram with no bias
Figure 3-6B.Tunnel diode energy diagram with no bias
Figure 3-7B.Tunnel diode energy diagram with 50 millivolts bias
Figure 3-8A.Tunnel diode energy diagram with 450 millivolts bias
Figure 3-9B.Tunnel diode energy diagram with 600 millivolts bias
Figure 3-10C.Tunnel diode schematic symbols
Varactor
Figure 3-14.Reverse-biased PN junction
Figure 3-15.Varactor capacitance versus bias voltage.
Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR)
Figure 3-17B.Silicon controlled rectifier
Figure 3-18A.SCR structure
Figure 3-18C.SCR structure.
Figure 3-19.Characteristic curve for an SCR
Figure 3-21.Comparison of an SCR and a thyratron
TRIAC
Figure 3-24.Back to back SCR equivalent circuit
Figure 3-25B.Comparison of SCR and TRIAC circuits.
Optoelectronic Devices - 14179_141
Figure 3-28B.Seven-segment LED display
Figure 3-29B.Seven-segment LED display examples
Figure 3-31.Photodiode.
Figure 3-32.Phototransistor.
Figure 3-34.Photocell
Figure 3-37.Optical coupler.
TRANSISTORS
Figure 3-39.Transistor and UJT
Figure 3-40.Transistor and UJT structure
Figure 3-42B.UJT voltage gradient.
Field Effect Transistors
Figure 3-45.JFET structure
Figure 3-46.Symbols and bias voltages for transistors and JFET.
Figure 3-48.JFET with reverse bias
Figure 3-49.JFET input impedance.
Figure 3-51.JFET common source amplifier
Figure 3-52C.MOSFET symbols
Figure 3-53.MOSFET structure
Figure 3-54A.Effects of bias on N-channel depletion MOSFET
Figure 3-54C.Effects of bias on N-channel depletion MOSFET
Figure 3-55B.Effects of bias on N-channel enhancement MOSFET
Figure 3-56.Induced channel MOSFET construction.
Figure 3-58.MOSFET shorting spring.
SUMMARY - 14179_165
VARACTOR
OPTOELECTRONIC DEVICES - 14179_167
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q44 - 14179_168
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q44 - 14179_169
CHAPTER 4 SOLID-STATE POWER SUPPLIES
Figure 4-1B.Block diagram of a basic power supply
THE POWER TRANSFORMER
THE RECTIFIER
Rms, Peak, and Average Values
Ripple Frequency
The Conventional Full-Wave Rectifier - 14179_177
A Practical Full-Wave Rectifier - 14179_178
Figure 4-7.Peak and average values for a full-wave rectifier.
The Bridge Rectifier
Figure 4-8.Bridge rectifier
FILTERS - 14179_182
Figure 4-10A.Capacitor filter. FAST CHARGE
Figure 4-10B.Capacitor filter. SLOW DISCHARGE
Figure 4-11.RC time constant.
Figure 4-13.Inductive filter (expanding field)
The Capacitor Filter
Figure 4-16B.Half-wave rectifier with and without filtering. FILTERED
Figure 4-17A.Capacitor filter circuit (positive and negative half cycles). POSITIVE HALF-CYCLE
Figure 4-17B.Capacitor filter circuit (positive and negative half cycles). NEGATIVE HALF-CYCLE
Halfwave Rectifier
14179_192
LC Choke-Input Filter
Figure 4-20A.LC choke-input filter (charge and discharge paths). CHARGE PATH
Figure 4-21.LC choke-input filter
Figure 4-22.Filtering action of the LC choke-input filter
Figure 4-23.Half-wave rectifier with an LC choke-input filter
Figure 4-24.Ac component in an LC choke-input filter
Figure 4-26.Dc component in an LC choke-input filter
FAILURE ANALYSIS OF AN LC CHOKE-INPUT FILTER
Resistor-Capacitor (RC) Filters - 14179_201
Figure 4-28.RC filter and waveforms
FAILURE ANALYSIS OF THE RESISTOR-CAPACITOR (RC) FILTER
Figure 4-29.LC filter and waveforms
VOLTAGE REGULATION - 14179_205
REGULATORS - 14179_206
Series and Shunt Voltage Regulators - 14179_207
Figure 4-32.Series voltage regulator
Series and Shunt Voltage Regulators - 14179_209
Figure 4-34.Series voltage regulator
Figure 4-36A.Series voltage regulator. INCREASE IN OUTPUT
Figure 4-37.Shunt voltage regulator
Figure 4-39A.Shunt voltage regulator. INCREASE IN OUTPUT VOLTAGE
Current Regulators
Figure 4-41.Current regulator
VOLTAGE MULTIPLIERS
Figure 4-44.Half-wave voltage doubler.
Figure 4-45A.Rectifier action of CR1 and CR2. POSITIVE ALTERNATION
Figure 4-47.Half-wave voltage tripler
Figure 4-48A.Voltage tripler. POSITIVE ALTERNATION
Short Circuit Protection
TROUBLESHOOTING POWER SUPPLIES - 14179_222
TESTING
Figure 4-51.Complete power supply (without regulator)
Component Problems
CAPACITOR AND RESISTOR TROUBLES-Cont.
SUMMARY - 14179_227
BRIDGE RECTIFIERS
INDUCTOR FILTERS
SERIES REGULATOR
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q43 - 14179_231
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q43 - 14179_232
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - 14179_233
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - 14179_234
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - 14179_235
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - 14179_236
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - 14179_237
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - 14179_238
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - 14179_239
APPENDIX II PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS - 14179_241
APPENDIX II PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS - 14179_242
APPENDIX II PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS - 14179_243
APPENDIX II PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS - 14179_244
APPENDIX II PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS - 14179_245
MODULE 7 INDEX - 14179_247
MODULE 7 INDEX - 14179_248
MODULE 7 INDEX - 14179_249
Assignment Questions - 14179_251
Assignment Questions - 14179_253
Assignment Questions - 14179_254
Assignment Questions - 14179_255
Assignment Questions - 14179_256
Assignment Questions - 14179_257
Assignment Questions - 14179_258
Assignment Questions - 14179_259
Assignment Questions - 14179_260
Assignment Questions - 14179_261
Assignment Questions - 14179_262
Assignment Questions - 14179_263
Assignment Questions - 14179_264
Assignment Questions - 14179_265
Assignment Questions - 14179_266
Assignment Questions - 14179_267
Assignment Questions - 14179_268
Assignment Questions - 14179_269
Assignment Questions - 14179_270
Assignment Questions - 14179_271
Assignment Questions - 14179_272
Assignment Questions - 14179_273
Assignment Questions - 14179_274
Assignment Questions - 14179_275
Assignment Questions - 14179_276
Assignment Questions - 14179_277
Assignment Questions - 14179_278
Assignment Questions - 14179_279
Assignment Questions - 14179_280
Assignment Questions - 14179_281
Assignment Questions - 14179_282
Assignment Questions - 14179_283
Assignment Questions - 14179_284
Assignment Questions - 14179_285
Assignment Questions - 14179_286
Assignment Questions - 14179_287
