CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRON TUBES
Figure 1-1.Thermionic emission
Figure 1-2.Edison's experimental circuit.
OPERATION OF THE DIODE TUBE
Diode Operation with a Positive Plate
Measuring Diode Voltages
Diode Operation with an Alternating Voltage on the Plate
DIODE CONSTRUCTION
DIRECTLY HEATED
Plates
Figure 1-9.Diode construction
The Envelope
ELECTRICAL PARAMETERS OF DIODES
Figure 1-12.Determining diode plate characteristic
Figure 1-13.Ep - Ip characteristic curve
Plate Resistance (Rp)
Plate Dissipation
Summary of Diode Parameters and Limitations
THE TRIODE-Cont.
Figure 1-15.DeForest's experiment.
Figure 1-16.Operation of the plate load resistor
INTRODUCTION TO GRID BIAS
GRID BIAS
Figure 1-18.Typical grid waveforms
OPERATION OF THE TRIODE
OPERATION OF THE TRIODE-Cont.
FACTORS AFFECTING TRIODE OPERATION
Figure 1-20.Overdriven triode
PLATE SATURATION
TYPES OF BIASING
Figure 1-22.Cathode bias
Figure 1-23.Effect of the bypass capacitor
Grid-Leak Biasing
Figure 1-25.Shunt grid-leak biasing
SERIES GRID-LEAK BIAS
OPERATING CLASSIFICATIONS OF TUBE AMPLIFIERS
CLASS AB OPERATION
TRANSIT TIME - 14178_50
AMPLIFICATION FACTOR
Figure 1-28.Obtaining gain and transconductance.
Transconductance
Transconductance-Cont.
INTERELECTRODE CAPACITANCE
DEVELOPMENT OF THE TETRODE
Figure 1-31.Basic tetrode circuit
TETRODE CHARACTERISTICS
THE PENTODE
SUMMARY - 14178_60
DIODE OPERATION
CHARACTERISTIC CURVE
OPERATION OF A TRIODE
TRANSIT TIME - 14178_64
TETRODES
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q33 - 14178_66
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q33 - 14178_67
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q33 - 14178_68
CHAPTER 2 SPECIAL-PURPOSE TUBES
Figure 2-1.Typical multi-unit tube symbols
BEAM POWER AND POWER PENTODE TUBES
Figure 2-5.Electron flow in a power pentode
Figure 2-6.The beam-power tube
VARIABLE-MU TUBES
Figure 2-7.Cutoff in a conventional tube
Figure 2-8.Grid operation in a remote-cutoff tube
SPECIAL UHF TUBES
Figure 2-9.Effect of transit time at ultrahigh frequencies
UHF TUBE TYPES
Figure 2-11.Concentric construction of a conventional tube
Figure 2-13.Internal structure of a typical planar tube
GAS-FILLED TUBES
GAS TRIODE
COLD-CATHODE TUBES - 14178_84
Figure 2-16.Cold-cathode tube operation
THE CATHODE-RAY TUBE (CRT)
THE ELECTRON GUN
Figure 2-19.Operation of the CRT grid
THE CRT SCREEN
DEFLECTION
Electrostatic Deflection
Figure 2-25.Horizontal deflection
Vertical Deflection
Figure 2-27.Vertical deflection in a CRT
SUMMARY OF THE CRT
Figure 2-28.Summary of the CRT
ELECTRON TUBES
CATHODE-RAY TUBES (CRTS)
RADIOACTIVE ELECTRON TUBES
RADIOACTIVE ELECTRON TUBES-Cont.
CONVENTIONAL TUBES
BEAM-POWER TUBES
UHF TUBES
PLANAR TUBES
COLD-CATHODE TUBES - 14178_105
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q18. - 14178_106
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q18. - 14178_107
CHAPTER 3 POWER SUPPLIES
THE BASIC POWER SUPPLY
THE TRANSFORMER
A Practical Half-Wave Rectifier
Figure 3-6.Simplified half-wave rectifier circuit and waveforms
Figure 3-7.Peak and average values for a half-wave rectifier
The Conventional Full-Wave Rectifier - 14178_115
A Practical Full-Wave Rectifier - 14178_116
Figure 3-10.Complete full-wave rectifier.
A Practical Full-Wave Rectifier-Cont.
The Bridge Rectifier
Figure 3-13.Comparison of conventional full-wave and bridge rectifiers
FILTERS - 14178_121
Figure 3-15.Capacitor filter. Fast charge time
Figure 3-16.RC time constant chart.
Figure 3-17.Voltage drops in an inductive filter
The Capacitor Filter
Figure 3-22.Half-wave/full-wave rectifiers (with capacitor filters)
Figure 3-24.Half-wave rectifier capacitor filter (negative input cycle)
Figure 3-25.Full-wave rectifier (with capacitor filter)
The Capacitor Filter -Cont.
THERMIONIC EMISSION-Cont.
The LC Choke-Input Filter
Figure 3-27.Waveforms for a LC choke-input filter
Figure 3-29.LC choke-input filter (discharge path)
Figure 3-31.Filtering action of an LC choke-input filter
Figure 3-32.Half-wave rectifier with an LC choke-input filter.
Figure 3-34.Actual and equivalent circuits
Figure 3-35.DC component in an LC choke-input filter
Figure 3-36.Full-wave rectifier with an LC choke-input filter
Resistor-Capacitor (RC) Filters - 14178_139
Resistor-Capacitor (RC) Filters-Cont.
LC Capacitor-Input Filter
VOLTAGE REGULATION - 14178_142
LOAD REGULATION
REGULATORS - 14178_144
Series Voltage Regulator
Shunt Voltage Regulator
Basic VR Tube Regulator Circuit
Figure 3-43.Basic VR tube regulator
Basic VR Tube Regulator Circuit-Cont.
VR Tubes Connected in Series
VR Tubes Connected in Parallel
Electron Tube Voltage Regulator
Figure 3-48.Electron tube voltage regulator using a battery for the fixed bias
CURRENT REGULATION
The Amperite Regulator-Cont.
TROUBLESHOOTING POWER SUPPLIES - 14178_156
PLUG IN THE POWER SUPPLY AND LOOK FOR
COMPONENT PROBLEMS
Transformer and Choke Troubles
Capacitor and Resistor Troubles
SUMMARY - 14178_161
HALF-WAVE RECTIFIERS
CAPACITANCE FILTERS
PI-TYPE FILTERS
SIMPLE ELECTRON TUBE REGULATORS
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q45
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q45-Cont. - 14178_167
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q45-cont. - 14178_168
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - 14178_169
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - 14178_170
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - 14178_171
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - 14178_172
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - 14178_173
MODULE 6 INDEX - 14178_175
MODULE 6 INDEX - 14178_176
MODULE 6 INDEX - 14178_177
Assignment Questions - 14178_179
Assignment Questions - 14178_181
Assignment Questions - 14178_182
Assignment Questions - 14178_183
Assignment Questions - 14178_184
Assignment Questions - 14178_185
Assignment Questions - 14178_186
Assignment Questions - 14178_187
Assignment Questions - 14178_188
Assignment Questions - 14178_189
Assignment Questions - 14178_190
Assignment Questions - 14178_191
Assignment Questions - 14178_192
Assignment Questions - 14178_193
Assignment Questions - 14178_194
Assignment Questions - 14178_195
Assignment Questions - 14178_196
Assignment Questions - 14178_197
Assignment Questions - 14178_198
Assignment Questions - 14178_199
Assignment Questions - 14178_200
Assignment Questions - 14178_201
Assignment Questions - 14178_202
Assignment Questions - 14178_203
Assignment Questions - 14178_204
Figure 1-1.Thermionic emission
Figure 1-2.Edison's experimental circuit.
OPERATION OF THE DIODE TUBE
Diode Operation with a Positive Plate
Measuring Diode Voltages
Diode Operation with an Alternating Voltage on the Plate
DIODE CONSTRUCTION
DIRECTLY HEATED
Plates
Figure 1-9.Diode construction
The Envelope
ELECTRICAL PARAMETERS OF DIODES
Figure 1-12.Determining diode plate characteristic
Figure 1-13.Ep - Ip characteristic curve
Plate Resistance (Rp)
Plate Dissipation
Summary of Diode Parameters and Limitations
THE TRIODE-Cont.
Figure 1-15.DeForest's experiment.
Figure 1-16.Operation of the plate load resistor
INTRODUCTION TO GRID BIAS
GRID BIAS
Figure 1-18.Typical grid waveforms
OPERATION OF THE TRIODE
OPERATION OF THE TRIODE-Cont.
FACTORS AFFECTING TRIODE OPERATION
Figure 1-20.Overdriven triode
PLATE SATURATION
TYPES OF BIASING
Figure 1-22.Cathode bias
Figure 1-23.Effect of the bypass capacitor
Grid-Leak Biasing
Figure 1-25.Shunt grid-leak biasing
SERIES GRID-LEAK BIAS
OPERATING CLASSIFICATIONS OF TUBE AMPLIFIERS
CLASS AB OPERATION
TRANSIT TIME - 14178_50
AMPLIFICATION FACTOR
Figure 1-28.Obtaining gain and transconductance.
Transconductance
Transconductance-Cont.
INTERELECTRODE CAPACITANCE
DEVELOPMENT OF THE TETRODE
Figure 1-31.Basic tetrode circuit
TETRODE CHARACTERISTICS
THE PENTODE
SUMMARY - 14178_60
DIODE OPERATION
CHARACTERISTIC CURVE
OPERATION OF A TRIODE
TRANSIT TIME - 14178_64
TETRODES
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q33 - 14178_66
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q33 - 14178_67
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q33 - 14178_68
CHAPTER 2 SPECIAL-PURPOSE TUBES
Figure 2-1.Typical multi-unit tube symbols
BEAM POWER AND POWER PENTODE TUBES
Figure 2-5.Electron flow in a power pentode
Figure 2-6.The beam-power tube
VARIABLE-MU TUBES
Figure 2-7.Cutoff in a conventional tube
Figure 2-8.Grid operation in a remote-cutoff tube
SPECIAL UHF TUBES
Figure 2-9.Effect of transit time at ultrahigh frequencies
UHF TUBE TYPES
Figure 2-11.Concentric construction of a conventional tube
Figure 2-13.Internal structure of a typical planar tube
GAS-FILLED TUBES
GAS TRIODE
COLD-CATHODE TUBES - 14178_84
Figure 2-16.Cold-cathode tube operation
THE CATHODE-RAY TUBE (CRT)
THE ELECTRON GUN
Figure 2-19.Operation of the CRT grid
THE CRT SCREEN
DEFLECTION
Electrostatic Deflection
Figure 2-25.Horizontal deflection
Vertical Deflection
Figure 2-27.Vertical deflection in a CRT
SUMMARY OF THE CRT
Figure 2-28.Summary of the CRT
ELECTRON TUBES
CATHODE-RAY TUBES (CRTS)
RADIOACTIVE ELECTRON TUBES
RADIOACTIVE ELECTRON TUBES-Cont.
CONVENTIONAL TUBES
BEAM-POWER TUBES
UHF TUBES
PLANAR TUBES
COLD-CATHODE TUBES - 14178_105
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q18. - 14178_106
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q18. - 14178_107
CHAPTER 3 POWER SUPPLIES
THE BASIC POWER SUPPLY
THE TRANSFORMER
A Practical Half-Wave Rectifier
Figure 3-6.Simplified half-wave rectifier circuit and waveforms
Figure 3-7.Peak and average values for a half-wave rectifier
The Conventional Full-Wave Rectifier - 14178_115
A Practical Full-Wave Rectifier - 14178_116
Figure 3-10.Complete full-wave rectifier.
A Practical Full-Wave Rectifier-Cont.
The Bridge Rectifier
Figure 3-13.Comparison of conventional full-wave and bridge rectifiers
FILTERS - 14178_121
Figure 3-15.Capacitor filter. Fast charge time
Figure 3-16.RC time constant chart.
Figure 3-17.Voltage drops in an inductive filter
The Capacitor Filter
Figure 3-22.Half-wave/full-wave rectifiers (with capacitor filters)
Figure 3-24.Half-wave rectifier capacitor filter (negative input cycle)
Figure 3-25.Full-wave rectifier (with capacitor filter)
The Capacitor Filter -Cont.
THERMIONIC EMISSION-Cont.
The LC Choke-Input Filter
Figure 3-27.Waveforms for a LC choke-input filter
Figure 3-29.LC choke-input filter (discharge path)
Figure 3-31.Filtering action of an LC choke-input filter
Figure 3-32.Half-wave rectifier with an LC choke-input filter.
Figure 3-34.Actual and equivalent circuits
Figure 3-35.DC component in an LC choke-input filter
Figure 3-36.Full-wave rectifier with an LC choke-input filter
Resistor-Capacitor (RC) Filters - 14178_139
Resistor-Capacitor (RC) Filters-Cont.
LC Capacitor-Input Filter
VOLTAGE REGULATION - 14178_142
LOAD REGULATION
REGULATORS - 14178_144
Series Voltage Regulator
Shunt Voltage Regulator
Basic VR Tube Regulator Circuit
Figure 3-43.Basic VR tube regulator
Basic VR Tube Regulator Circuit-Cont.
VR Tubes Connected in Series
VR Tubes Connected in Parallel
Electron Tube Voltage Regulator
Figure 3-48.Electron tube voltage regulator using a battery for the fixed bias
CURRENT REGULATION
The Amperite Regulator-Cont.
TROUBLESHOOTING POWER SUPPLIES - 14178_156
PLUG IN THE POWER SUPPLY AND LOOK FOR
COMPONENT PROBLEMS
Transformer and Choke Troubles
Capacitor and Resistor Troubles
SUMMARY - 14178_161
HALF-WAVE RECTIFIERS
CAPACITANCE FILTERS
PI-TYPE FILTERS
SIMPLE ELECTRON TUBE REGULATORS
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q45
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q45-Cont. - 14178_167
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q45-cont. - 14178_168
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - 14178_169
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - 14178_170
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - 14178_171
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - 14178_172
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - 14178_173
MODULE 6 INDEX - 14178_175
MODULE 6 INDEX - 14178_176
MODULE 6 INDEX - 14178_177
Assignment Questions - 14178_179
Assignment Questions - 14178_181
Assignment Questions - 14178_182
Assignment Questions - 14178_183
Assignment Questions - 14178_184
Assignment Questions - 14178_185
Assignment Questions - 14178_186
Assignment Questions - 14178_187
Assignment Questions - 14178_188
Assignment Questions - 14178_189
Assignment Questions - 14178_190
Assignment Questions - 14178_191
Assignment Questions - 14178_192
Assignment Questions - 14178_193
Assignment Questions - 14178_194
Assignment Questions - 14178_195
Assignment Questions - 14178_196
Assignment Questions - 14178_197
Assignment Questions - 14178_198
Assignment Questions - 14178_199
Assignment Questions - 14178_200
Assignment Questions - 14178_201
Assignment Questions - 14178_202
Assignment Questions - 14178_203
Assignment Questions - 14178_204
